Chapter 7 Flashcards
crimes that are most likely to be committed by strangers, are generally perpetrated where? What three types of crimes does this include?
> In public
> Includes:
1) robbery,
2) workplace violence (including bank robbery),
3) and street gang violence.
In his classic study of homicide in Philadelphia, Marvin Wolfgang divided homicide into what two categories? What perpetrators belonged in each category?
> into primary homicides, which involved intimates, friends, and acquaintances,
> and secondary homicides, which involved strangers.
What phrase did Marvin Wolfgang assign to secondary homicide?
> stranger crime
Before reading into “stranger crime” what is important to note about all crime?
> it is important to remember that the majority of all violent crimes, except for robberies, are committed by offenders known to their victims.
1) Robbery can occur in a number of different contexts, including what?
2) What are the offenders like and what can they be like sometimes?
3) Do the dynamics of a robbery vary ?
> including homes, public locations, and commercial establishments.
> Sometimes it involves offenders known to their victims, but it more often involves strangers,
> and the dynamics of each robbery event can vary dramatically.
What do robberies sometimes escalate to and how is it prosecuted (in the US)
> Unfortunately, robberies sometimes escalate to murder
> this can be prosecuted as a kind of felony murder
In general, about 24% of homicides in which a felony circumstance was identified were the result of another type of felony— what felony?
> robbery
Although most robberies don’t result in death, they all involve the use of:
> the use of force or the threat of force
John Conklin described over three decades ago, the crime of robbery incorporates two threatening elements:
> “the use of force against the victim and the theft of [the victim’s] property.”
How does the NCVS define robbery?
> Completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury
What is the element that establishes why a robbery is considered a violent crime?
> The element of force or attempted force is the reason robberies
Why is a burglary considered a property crime?
> A burglary, in which an offender(s) breaks into a residence and steals a homeowner’s belongings, is a property crime because there is no force or threat of force to a person.
When can a burglary escalate to become a robbery?
> a burglary can become a robbery if an offender finds someone in the house and uses or threatens to use force against that person during the commission of the crime.
According to the NCVS, the rates of robbery have declined from the highs witnessed in the early 1990s, since 2002, have they increased or remained stable since?
1. What was the rate per 1000 individuals in 2002?
2. “ in 2014?
3. “ in 2015?
4. “ in 2018?
> they have remained relatively stable.
> 2002: was 2.7
2.5 in 2014,
2.1 in 2015,
2.1 in 2018.
How many robbery victimizations occurred in 2018?
> 573,100 robbery victimizations in 2018
What age demographic is most likely to experience robbery?
> young adults are more likely to experience a robbery compared to their older counterparts.
According to the NCVS, those between the ages of what have the highest rates of robbery?
> 18 and 24 have the highest rates of robbery.
Does race affect the chances of you being robbed? What about SES?
1. Regardless of race/ethnicity, what makes someone more likely to be robbed in comparison to what group?
2. When race is considered, what two groups living in poverty are more vulnerable?
3. What should be noted about the race factor (they perpetrate violence in…)
4. The poor cannot afford what to prevent robbery?
5. They are more likely to live in what kind of building that makes them vulnerable for attack
6. Are more likely to shop / eat in places that are considered what?
> those living in poverty, regardless of race and ethnicity, are more likely to become robbery victims compared to those with higher incomes,
> African American and Hispanic individuals living in poverty conditions are especially vulnerable to this particular crime of violence
*(robbers—similar to other types of violent offenders—usually perpetrate their violence in the same communities and neighborhoods in which they live.)
> The poor are also less likely to be able to afford security systems for their homes and businesses,
> are more likely to live in apartment buildings with stairwells and hallways that make residents vulnerable to attack,
> and are more likely to shop in stores and eat in restaurants that are considered good locales for robberies because of a lack of adequate lighting or security personnel.
How does gender affect the risk of experiencing a robbery? Is the same true for the elderly?
> younger males are at a higher risk of experiencing a robbery compared with their younger female counterparts; however, this is not the case for the elderly. In fact, elderly males and females are equally vulnerable to robbery.
Marital status and geographic location are also related to robbery victimization. How so and why?
> those living in urban locations are more likely to experience a robbery compared with their suburban and rural counterparts. Being single, either through never marrying or being divorced or separated, also increases the risk of robbery
- This is probably related to the increased number of leisure activities that single people engage in outside of the home, particularly evening activities that place people in locations and situations that heighten the risk of victimization.
Do robberies happen at day or night?
> robberies are about equally likely to occur in the daytime as at night.
- over 4 in 10 robberies occur at or near what?
- Half of all robberies are commited in what kind of space?
- How many of those are reported to the police despite the fact that they involve both theft and violence?
> over 4 in 10 robberies occur at or near a personal residence,
while just over half of all robberies occur in public spaces.
> And finally, despite the fact that robberies involve both theft and violence, only about 50% of robbery victims reported their victimization to police
- According to the NCVS, about two in three robbery victims engaged in some type of action that is not restricted to just what?
- What does it include?
- And what did the majority of these victims report that this action did?
> engaged in some type of self-protective action
This is not restricted to just fighting back - it also includes such things as appealing to or reasoning with the offender.
> The majority of those who did take some action told interviewers that the action helped the situation in some way, including avoiding injury and protecting their property.
- Out of three, how many robberies cause injury?
- Translate this rate to be broken down by gender.
- Was the same rate true for those with known offenders / unknown offenders?
- About one in three robbery victims sustained an injury as the result of their victimization.
- This was true for both males and females. (equal rate)
- Interestingly, victims robbed by strangers were equally likely to be injured as the result of their victimization compared with those robbed by known offenders
With respect to robberies, what is a downfall of the NCVS?
(it only reports what kind of injury and does not include what?
> NCVS obtains information on nonfatal injuries only
and does not include the percentage of robberies that resulted in a victim’s death.
What are robberies sometimes referred to as?
> referred to as muggings or stickups
What are two generic types of robberies?
> individual and commercial robberies
Do robbers commit different types of robberies?
> no they specialize.
Roger Matthews found that those who primarily targeted commercial establishments, such as stores and shops, perceived themselves as what and what kind of robber do they have disdain for?
> more elite than the typical street mugger.
> have disdain for street robbers
Those who victimize primarily commercial establishments are very different in their level of what compared to a typical street robber?
> sophistication and MO
Some of the best information on the thought processes of robbers comes from what study? Who conducted it?
RW + SD.
> a study by Richard Wright and Scott Decker, who interviewed over 80 active robbers in St. Louis, Missouri.
What did the study by Richard Wright and Scott Decker reveal?
1. The decision to commit robbery was based on what desire?
2. The desire was not usually for meeting what kind of goals?
3. Instead, the needs were used for what?
> was based on the desire to get cash and other valuables.
> was not usually about meeting long-term goals, such as paying for an education or buying a home.
> Instead, the needs were typically to satisfy immediate and often illicit gratification needs, i..e gambelling or drug use.
The majority of the offenders in Wright and Decker’s sample spent most of their time doing what prior? Who coined this term?
> spent most of their time on the street abiding by the code of the streets, a term coined by Elijah Anderson
What other street code did Wright and Decker mention?
> “an open-ended quest for excitement and sensory stimulation,” which tends to include things such as gambling, drug use, and heavy drinking.
Similar to Anderson, Wright and Decker interpreted this street culture as an attempt toa chieve what? What did the code of the streets replace for them?
> s an attempt by many of the offenders to achieve a form of success in their lives that they could not attain through the legitimate routes to material success
> the “code of the streets” had replaced the conventional moral order (because those means weren’t available to them).
- What theory can explain the interpretation of street culture in robberies?
- Who coined this theory
- What does it argue?
> strain theory
(Thomas Merton)
argued that the pathways to success are not distributed equally throughout society.
- Because of the differential opportunities to achieve success in legitimate ways, some may innovate and commit crime to get the things they want.
What is one important thing to note about the offenders in Wright and Deckers sample?
were under what conditions?
> Most of the offenders in Wright and Decker’s study were under constant pressure to find money, which often led them to commit robberies
What is one important part of street culture? This component was evidenced by Wright and Decker who found that a small portion of their sample reported that they commited robbery to do what?
> outward appearances, such as dress and accessories, are also an important part of street culture.
> WRIGHT&DECKER: buy status items (such as the correct brand-named clothes) and accessories (such as jewelry).
Jack Katz interpreted an armed robbery as merely what?
( an act for the offender )
> another form of excitement
Roy Baumeister and W. Keith Campbell, who pointed out that violence can be intrinsically appealing because it offers excitement - how does robbery relate to the excitment of violence?
1. The risk provides what?
2. It provides a sense of what?
3. The sense of _ and _ endgenered by violence can be considered what?
> the risk of engaging in a robbery—may provide them with an adrenaline rush.
> empowering when they confront someone and get away with it
> The sense of mastery and dominance engendered by such violence can also be part of their motivation.
Emmeline Taylor interviewed individuals who had been convicted of robbery - while some of the respondents said their motivation was based on a desperate need to buy drugs, several noted what factor?
> the adrenaline rush
What did Emmeline Taylor suggest about an adrenaline rush? (What is it a response to and what does this characterize in her sample)
> may be a response to the mundane and boring lifestyle that comes from unemployment and a lack of any prospects for work,
> which characterized the lives of virtually all of the individuals in her sample.
What is another reason that someone may rob (more personal and unfourtante)
> some individuals do engage in this violence because they have no other way to provide for their survival needs.
How do robbers choose their targets? Wright and Decker discovered that for most offenders, the decision to rob was:
> usually quick and involved little deliberation.
Routine activities theory contends that there are three elements that are generally necessary for the commission of a crime to occur:
> a motivated offender,
a suitable target,
and lack of capable guardianship.
In selecting a law-abiding citizen, robbers did what?
1. Chose what first? Then second?
2. The area selected was generally believed to be a location where:
3. Some preferred what locations that had what while others chose neighbourhoods that were considered what and as a result they were more likely to carry:
> first chose an area for the robbery and then a suitable victim
> believed to be locations where people were more likely to carry large quantities of cash.
> Some preferred downtown locations, where businesses and banks were located, while others preferred to stick to the marginalized and low-income neighborhoods, because the people in those areas were more likely to carry cash than credit cards.
What are two prime targets for robbery?
1. What business?
2. What machine?
> check-cashing businesses and automatic teller machines
What external signs promote robbery?
About the victim
> external signs to identify who was most likely to be carrying cash; clothing, jewelry, and demeanor were indicators of this
Two demographics—gender and age—also affected the vulnerability attached to potential victims.
1. What gender is percieved as defenseless
2. What age was percieved as weaker?
3. Of those two demographics - what were the offenders attracted to?
> Women were generally thought to be more defenseless than males, and elderly people were perceived as weaker than their younger counterparts.
> Of these two characteristics, age was probably the more important, as many offenders noted the attraction to elderly victims.
When an appropriate victim has been selected, the next issue for potential robbers is? Then, to make sure victims comply, robbers must use what?
> determining the best way to pull off the crime without getting caught.
> must use violence or the threat of violence.
Lindegaard, Bernasco, and Jacques describe a robbery event as what? When can physical force or injury take place during the robbery?
> the subsequent flow of events until the offender leaves the scene
> physical force or injury can occur at any stage in the robbery.
The robbers interviewed by Wright and Decker generally used two methods to approach their victims and take control of the situation. What were they?
- The first was to sneak up on their victims, usually from the rear to avoid being detected. (vics had no warning and could not evade the attacker)
- trying to fit into the social setting and looking normal and nonthreatening, sometimes asking the intended victims a question, such as directions or the time.
David Luckenbill has studied robbers and their behaviour. Has their MOs’ changed overtime?
> The modus operandi of robbers has not changed much since these tactics were uncovered over three decades ago by David Luckenbill
What is the next step in a robbery once they have selected their victim?
> The next step in the robbery is to announce the stickup and establish dominance and control over the situation.
What did Wright and Decker state about how most robbers “open” their armed robberies? What did the majority of assailants use and what did they do when a victim wouldn’t comply?
> According to Wright and Decker, most offenders typically opened their armed robberies with a demand that victims stop and listen to them and then quickly summarize the situation for the victim
> The majority of assailants also used a gun, the bigger the better. If a potential victim refused to comply, the robbery offenders most often responded with brutality.
1) In general, research with offenders suggests that victim resistance increases the likelihood of what?
2) What did the NCVS report about these victims? (Didn’t nessecesarily provoke what?)
> victim resistance increases the likelihood that the robber will use physical force against the intended target.
> NCVS reports from robbery victims indicate that victims who resisted did not necessarily provoke physical violence by the offenders.
In one recent study, 104 people who had “experience committing robberies” were interviewed (28 of whom were incarcerated) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. What were the results?
1. in over half of the robberies, what was not used and in the case that it was used at the onset what was the percentage?
2. Robbing what kind of victim was more predictive of physical violence being used at the onset of a robbery?
3. After a robbery had progressed, victim resistance significantly increased the likelihood of what occuring?
4. Did the robbers that were interviewed want to use physical force? What did they deem physical force as?
- In just over half the robberies described by the offenders, no physical force was used, but about one in three incidents (32%) were violent at the onset of the robbery.
- Results indicated that robbing a “street credible” victim (e.g., someone who is also likely engaged in criminal behavior)
- the offender using physical violence to obtain compliance.
- The robbers interviewed generally did not want to use physical force but perceived it as necessary when victims did not comply.
Once the money and/or other goods have been taken from the victim, robbers need to quickly make their getaway. How is this typically done?
- who leaves first? (what is the preferred way)
- How would they do the first part sucessfully?
- How did they accomplish this? (there are 3 ways in which this can be done_
> While some robbers reported that they made the victims leave the scene first, most preferred to be the ones to flee first.
> To do this successfully, they first had to make sure that the victim wouldn’t attempt to follow them or make a scene.
> Most robbers accomplished this by threatening the victims with their lives, while others tied their victims up or incapacitated them through injury
While the majority of all robbers are male, females represent what percentage of robbers as per the NCVS?
> females represent about 19% of the robbery offenders recalled by robbery victims in the NCVS.
Jody Miller analyzed 14 interviews with active female robbers from Wright and Decker’s sample described earlier- what were some gender differences in robbers?
1. Were the motivations the same? What was different
2. the most common form of female robbery was to rob other females in what way?
3. What weapon did women rely on when robbing other women?
4. Why did they select female targets (do men think they same way?)
5. How do they target males? How did they arm themselves in this situation and what distance did they maintain?
6. When robbing males, what percentage of female robbers had a male accomplice? Were accomplices used in female robberies?
> the motivations for robbery were essentially the same for male and female robbers; however, their modus operandi was different
> the most common form of female robbery was to rob other females in a physically confrontational manner.
> While male robbery is more likely to involve guns in all situations, the females in Miller’s sample most often relied on knives when robbing other women.
> Similar to their male counterparts, female robbers selected female targets primarily because they believed these targets were less likely to be armed and less likely to resist.
> Another tactic employed by female robbers was to target males by appearing sexually available. In these scenarios, the female robbers almost always armed themselves with a gun but kept themselves at a safe distance from their male prey to prevent physical resistance and also to make sure that the gun couldn’t be taken from them.
> About half of the female robbers in Miller’s sample also robbed other men with male accomplices, although they rarely used accomplices for the robbery of females
Fiona Brookman and her colleagues conducted interviews with both males and females who were serving a prison sentence for robbery in the UK- what were the findings:
1. Why were both men and women motivated to rob?
2. Females were about as likely to commit robberies to do what when compared to males?
3. Related to the code of the streets, fmale robbers talked about what that motivated them to rob?
> both men and women in this sample were motivated to rob to get money to support their drug addictions.
> Females were about as likely to commit robberies to facilitate partying and other pursuits of pleasure.
> several of the female robbers in this sample also talked about incidents of disrespect or anger that morphed in robberies.
Brookman et al., also uncovered that how offenders accomplished a robbery depended on the gender composition of the victim and offenders.
1. When males rob males, it generally related to what two situations?
2. Were the victims targeted by the robbers known to them?
3. Once targets were selected, they were approached in 1 of 2 ways?
4. What fraction of these incidents involved a weapon?
- either the robbery was the result status challenge or other assault,
- or a victim was targeted because they were perceived as easy targets or having something worth stealing.
> The vast majority of males targeted by male robbers were strangers.
> ambushed with violence or approached calmly.
> Only one-third of these incidents involved a weapon
Brookman et al., also uncovered that how offenders accomplished a robbery depended on the gender composition of the victim and offenders. What happens when females rob other genders?
1. used what weapon and why when the victim was male
2. unlike males, females rarely do what to their victims? What were they negoiated to do instead?
3. When women robbed other women, were weapons used? Why were women targeted?
4. Were female victims known to them? (was the enactment similar to how men rob)?
5. Female victims were most likeley robbed in what way and if they resisted what did a female robber do?
> When the victim was male, female robbers often used a weapon, which was typically a knife. *Most of these victims were targeted because the female offenders believed they were owed something by the victims (e.g., payment for drugs).
> Unlike the male robbers, the females rarely ambushed their victims, but were sometimes in a negotiated enterprise with the victim involving drugs or sex work.
> When the women robbed other females, weapons were less likely to be used. Like the robberies committed by males, most of these female victims were strangers who were targeted because they were “easy” targets or looked as though they had money.
> Because female victims were most often strangers, the robbery enactment strategies were similar to the male offenders in these cases.
> Female victims were most likely ambushed quickly, and if they resisted, the female robbers in this sample were quick to resort to violence.
In sum, research indicates that female robbers commit their offenses for what reason?
1. is it the same as the male reasoning?
2. Are the ways that robberies are enacted different?
> indicates that female robbers commit their offenses for the same reasons as their male counterparts.
> However, the way robberies are enacted differ for females depending on the gender of their victims.
What theories are salient in explaining robbery?
(ANOM +ST)
> theories that link offending behavior to economic deprivation or to the disjuncture between the material goals of society and the unequal availability of the means to achieve these goals
> these explanations include anomie and general strain theories.
Simon Hallsworth, outlines the connection between robbery and economics.
1) What is the contemporary street robbery problem?
2) What kind of culture targets these individuals?
3) What does the said culture encourage people to do?
> problem = society that induces young people to desire and covet the very goods they have been pressurized from an early age to associate with the good life.
> has capitalist culture industries that target them remorselessly and relentlessly.
> encourages people to build their lifestyles and establish their identities through consumptions but does not equip everyone with the wherewithal to consume legitimately.
What is the assumption behind strain and anomie theories for robbery? (Specifically - getting rates to decrease)
> The assumption behind these theories is that if all citizens had equal access to a quality education and a good job that would allow them to provide a good life for themselves and their families, rates of robbery would most certainly decrease.
- What kind of offenders will be deterred under Rational Choice Theory
- Under this theory, how do offenders make decisions?
> contends that would-be offenders will be deterred from committing an offense if the costs of the crime outweigh the benefits
> This theory assumes, of course, that offenders make decisions rationally.
What people aren’t rational in their decision making when they commit robbery?
> those who engage in robberies in order to maintain their drug and/or alcohol addictions also cannot be said to be rational in their decision-making process.
We must also place a cost-benefit analysis within the structural context in which many robbery offenders exist.
1. What do they not percieve as a real threat or cost?
2. As a result, how is prision viewed?
> While the majority of robbers may anticipate getting arrested in the future, they may not perceive this as a real threat or cost.
> for some prison was seen as a “pleasant break from the turmoil and physical dangers that marked their day-to-day existence on the street
Are the penalties for robbery extreme? What crime are the penalites not extreme for and in contrast, are convicted robbers more likely to be sentenced for their crime in comparision to this crime.
> are already very extreme.
> Except for the crime of murder, convicted robbers are more likely to be sentenced to prison compared with offenders convicted of other crimes of violence, including rapists.
Even if penalties were increased for robbery, what should we remember? (What about the offender prompts them to rob and what kind of needs outweigh these penalites?)
> remember that these offenders are generally under tremendous financial duress and typically see no other alternative to robbery.
> As a result, their immediate needs will probably outweigh the threat of formal sanctions they perceive to begin with (i.e., arrest and prison), regardless of how stiff the penalties are.
In contrast to understanding the underlying causes of offending, situational crime prevention seeks to understand what what two soloutions to crime? As a result, what minimizes the risk and provide an example:
> technical and structural solutions to crime and, in response, design environments or products in ways that minimize the risk of victimization
> Measures such as installing cameras in crime-prone areas are among such techniques
What are some critiques about situational crime prevention? It just does what to crime really…
> While cameras have proven effective in some commercial areas, critics contend that their presence simply moves street crime outside the camera range.
> Other situational changes, such as improving lighting, may also deter some offenders—but again, they may simply move to less well-lit areas to do their dirty deeds.
> In other words, some of these changes may simply displace crime to other, less protected areas.
One interesting idea advanced by Wright and Decker to reduce robbery is to:
replacing cash with what?
> replace cash in the economy with electronic monetary transfers (credit and debit cards).
Why is a bank robber iconic in popular culture?
1. What era does it trace back to?
2. What were banks associated with?
> Part of this can be traced back to the era of the Great Depression, when bank robbers were perceived as latter-day folk heroes who stood up for the ordinary person against the big banks.
> Banks were associated with big business and government authority and during the depression many bank robbers were seen as underdogs fighting a cruel and unjust system.
Bank robberies rarely capture much media attention unless what occurs?
> they result in multiple deaths or a shootout with police that happens to be captured by video.
Are bank robberies common? In 2018, how many robberies in financial iinstitutions in the United States took place and what were the majority of these robberies perpetrated in?
> bank robberies are still relatively common.
In 2018, for example, there were 3,033 robberies in financial institutions in the United States, the vast majority of which were perpetrated in commercial banks
- What is the order for the two most commonly robbed banks?
- What percentage of bank robbeires were carried out in urban locations, small ciites and towns, suburban locations, rural areas.
CBS, CUS,
1) Commerical banks
2) Credit unions
The majority of bank robberies were carried out in:
1) urban locations (50%),
2) followed by small cities and towns (26%),
3) suburban locations (20%),
4) rural areas (3%).
How many hostages were taken in 2018? Were any victims killed? Were any bank robbers killed at this tiem?
Note - the stat is less than 10 for each.
> In total, nine hostages were taken in the bank robberies that occurred in 2018; miraculously, no innocent victims were killed, although four bank robbers were killed during the commission of robberies.
What day should you not go to the bank? What days aren’t far behind?
> you should not go to the bank on a Friday, as that was the most likely day for a bank robbery to take place, although Monday and Thursday were not that far behind in terms of frequency
Breaking down bank robberies by region, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) found that what US region had the most bank robberies? Which state had the most robberies?
> West had the most bank robberies, followed by the South.
> california
Why is California’s rate of bank robberies so high?
1. what is robbery a function of there with the culture?
2. What banking regulations promote this type of crime?
3. What attitudes make robbing banks easier here (plus what were they less likely to install?)
> is primarily a function of the easy mobility of the freeway culture,
> the loose state banking regulations that allow a branch bank, a savings and loan, or a credit union on nearly every corner
> and the laid-back attitudes that discourage banks from installing bullet-resistant Plexiglas bandit barriers or access control doors.
What is the gender percentage for committed bank robberies? what percentage did females occupy?
> Similar to street robberies, the majority of these offenses were committed by males, but females represented about 8% of all offenders.
What type of bank robber has more media attention?
- Provide a specific example and their name!
Hint - they are rare!
> The relatively rare female bank robber does tend to generate more media attention simply because of her novelty.
> For example, images of one young female bank robber, who became known as the “Ponytail Bandit,” made media headlines after she had conducted bank robberies in three states: Texas, California, and Washington.
Most bank robberies involve what what scenario and does this crime happen quickly without warning?
> Most bank robberies involve a single individual waiting in line for a teller and passing a note to the teller to let the teller know that the bank is being robbed.
> This kind of robbery happens very quickly, and most customers usually don’t even know that a robbery is taking place.
What happens in a takeover robbery?
1. what kind of individuals does it involve?
2. Although the risk is greater, what motivates these offenders?
> A takeover robbery, on the other hand, involves several armed individuals seizing control of a bank.
> While the risks are greater, there is also a potentially larger payoff, since this kind of robbery allows the perpetrators to gain access to all of the registers as well as the vault.
One notorious and extremely violent bank robbery occurred in the North Hollywood section of Los Angeles in 1997. Who were the perpetrators? What was notable about their robbery?
> Romanian emigrant named Emil Matasareanu and the other was a young man named Larry Phillips Jr.
> took them over 15 minutes to rob the bank (not fast enough) so instead of surrendering or running back inside, the two young men simply opened fire with their automatic weapons.
> After about 40 minutes of exchanging fire with the police, Matasareanu got in their getaway car and began slowly driving while Phillips followed behind and continued to fire
- Phillips shot himself in the head after his assault rifle jammed and he realized that there was no escaping the police.
- Matasareanu was also unable to escape, since the police shot out his tires, he was wounded and bled to death.
What is the golden rule of bank robberies?
> is that the perpetrators need to leave within two minutes in order to beat the police response time to the silent alarms that are invariably triggered.
What are the most notorious types of workplace violence?
> mass shootings that receive a great deal of media attention.
What type of violence doesn’t make media attention?
> violence that occurs in the workplace rarely makes media headlines.
In 2017, out of the 5,147 workplace fatalities that occurred around the country, most were caused by what?
> accidents
Of the 5147 workplace fatalities- what is the breakdown?
1. How many of these deaths were because of violence and other injuries inflicted by persons or animals?
2. How many of those deaths in question 1 were intentional injury by a person?
3. Of the number in question 2, how many were workplace homicide and how many were the result of suicide?
4. What percentage of workplace deaths are homcides and what percentage of that were shootings?
5. What ere the remainder of the fatalities considered?
- 807
- 733 (of that 807) were intentional injury by a person
- Of the 733, 458 were workplace homicides, while 275 were the result of suicide.
- This means that about 14% of workplace deaths were homicides. *Of those homicides, 351 or 77% were shootings.
- The remainder = generally the consequence of machinery failure + workplace accidents + toxic susbtances
Out of 10, how many workplace related deaths were murders?
> 1/10
What was the preferred method of murder in the workplace?
> As with so many crimes of violence, firearms were the preferred method of killing in the workplace by a wide margin.
What are some gender differences when the data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are examined?
1. What gender is killed more in the workplace? Is there a relative risk for gender?
2. 2011 and 2017, workplace homicides accounted for how many (in percentage) female + male fatalities?
3. What gender is more likely to be murdered on the job?
4. Women are more likely to be killed by what on the job?
5. What percentage of men were killed on the job because of IPV?
- more males are killed in the workplace than females every year, but relative risk is different for each gender.
- Between 2011 and 2017, workplace homicides accounted for 21% of all female fatalities compared to 8% of male fatalities
- Females were much more likely to be murdered on the job compared to their male counterparts.
- Women on the job were most likely to be killed by an intimate, an ex, or some other family member, followed by robbers and coworkers.
- Compare this to males, whose relatives perpetrated the crime in only 2% of cases. (result of IPV)
Which 4 occupations are most vulnerable to workplace violence?
LE+SP, UTFMH(PANDP), EST(NHT), HP=MHW+NRS IN THE ER
> employees in the law enforcement and security professions
> Those working under the umbrella of mental health, both for the government and for the private sector
> those who teach in elementary schools compared to highschools
> health professions, such as mental health workers and nurses, especially those who work in emergency rooms.
People in retail have the highest rate for what victimization and people in law enforcement have the highest risk for what?
> people in retail sales have the highest risk for robbery victimization, while law enforcement personnel have the highest assault risk.
Even within job categories, however, risks can vary. For example, not all retail sales positions are at equal risk for violence. Statistics indicate that within retail sales positions, what has the highest risk? (there are two)
> bartenders appear particularly vulnerable to workplace violence, as do gas station attendants.
Obviously, certain kinds of job characteristics increase the likelihood of victimization. These can include what?
> interacting with the public in positions that involve money, such as working a cash register.
> Being alone or with only a few other coworkers is also a risk factor, as is working late at night and early in the morning.
> Jobs located in high-crime areas heighten the risk as well.
> A position that requires an employee to be out and about in the community especially at all hours of the day and night makes the job a bit more dangerous.
> When your job requires that you work with high-risk populations, including criminal justice–involved individuals or those with mental health issues, this also increases the risk of being victimized.
> when someone is guarding property or delivering goods and services
Is there a single definiton of a gang?
> there is no single accepted definition of a gang in general.
The National Gang Center, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice, uses what five criteria for classifying groups as gangs?
1. The gang has to have how many memembers within what age range?
2. Memebers share what and what is that linked to?
3. Memembers have to view themselves as what?
4. The group has to have what?
5. The group has to be involved in what?
- The group has three or more members, generally aged 12–24.
- Members share an identity, typically linked to a name and other symbols.
- Members view themselves as a gang, and they are recognized by others as a gang.
- The group has some permanence and a degree of organization.
- The group is involved in an elevated level of criminal activity.
What gangs does the National Gang Center exclude from their criteria of gangs? (what three types?)
> exclude other types of gangs that are typically more organized and composed of older adults, including:
1. prison gangs,
2. motorcycle gangs,
3. other organized crime gangs.
What is one of the best tools for determining the extent of gang presence in an area? What is the sample size?
> the National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS), which is filled out by law enforcement agencies across the country. The sample includes more than 2,500 agencies in larger cities, suburban cities, and smaller cities as well as rural counties.
What are the findings from the most recent (2012) National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS)?
1. the percentage of agencies reporting the presence of active gangs in their jurisdictions has been what?
2. How many of these gangs (provide figure and that figure out of 10) exist in larger cities?
3. how many exsist in smaller cities/suburban areas?
4. how many exsist in rural countries?
- has been around 30%
- roughly 30,000 and about 4 in 10 of these gangs exist in larger cities, about one quarter exist in both smaller cities and suburban areas, and only about 6% are present in rural counties.
Which areas report more gang violence?
> law enforcement agencies in larger cities are more likely to report gang presence, while rural areas are least likely to report gangs.
What did the majority of jurisdictions report gang presence as the highest in what decade, then increased again in what decade? Has it remained constant since?
> while the majority of jurisdictions reporting gang presence was highest in the mid-1990s and then dropped, gang presence increased again in the mid-2000s and has remained relatively constant since then.
What was the number of gangs estimated to exist across the United States in 1996? How about in 2003
> estimated to exist across the United States was around 30,000 in 1996 and declined to a low of around 20,000 in 2003.
What is the main reason that young people join gangs? What are three related reasons?
> One study found that the need for protection is the main reason members gave for joining.
- wanting to feel safe,
- wanting to be respected, and
- wanting to belong
Yasser Payne, who has spent over a decade studying street-involved youth, theorizes that adapting to street life is considered what?
> adapting to street life is a “site of resilience” that emerges as a function of blocked economic and educational opportunity; young Black men “have turned to the streets as a way to secure personal, group, and communal levels of resiliency and resilience.
In relation to street-life oriented young men, what is resilence in this context?
> in this context, resilience is how street life–oriented young men “organize meaning around feeling well, satisfied, or accomplished and how men choose to survive in relation to adverse structural conditions.
How is gang presence related to violence?
> The answer appears to depend on the geographic location generally and even the city specifically.
> Not surprisingly, gang violence is a greater issue in large cities. However, in some cities, gang violence represents a larger proportion of all violence than in other cities.
What are the gang capitals of the US? What percentage of homicides are gang related in these areas?
> Chicago and Los Angeles
> about half of all homicides are gang related
Chicago, which has more gangs and gang members than cities twice as large, has seen its murder rate skyrocket in recent years. One explanation for the increase in the number of both gangs and violence in Chicago is what?
> is the high degrees of concentrated disadvantage in some neighborhoods, where residents are forced to live in crumbling public housing communities with little hope of economic advancement.
In other cities, the amount of gang-related violence has decreased, including which US cities?
SL,B, NO + others
> St. Louis, Baltimore, New Orleans, and others
One of the gangs that has garnered a great deal of media attention is which gang?
> Mara Salvatrucha, more commonly referred to as MS-13 (Mara Salvatrucha).
> Although MS-13 originated in poor neighborhoods in Los Angeles during the 1970s to protect Salvadoran refugees, it has become an international gang and now extends through Central and Latin America after members were deported to El Salvador in the 1990s.
How did MS-13 become so notorious?
they are the ones that prompted what president to do what?
> It is this Central American presence that compelled President Donald Trump to tie gang violence in the United States with the need for a border wall.
> While the president was highlighting the mayhem the gang was creating in United States cities, MS-13 murders were significantly declining.
It is important to note that the majority of gang violence is directed at what? When does it make media headlines?
> other gang members
> It is not these victimizations that make media headlines, however. Only when innocent victims are killed does gang-related violence garner media attention.
What has research said about the lifestyle of youths involved in gangs?
is it similar to teens that don’t partake in gangs?
> gang-involved youth have lives similar to those of most teenagers, which includes going to school, hanging out, or working.
There are a few factors that have been found to increase the likelihood of gang-related violence. What have James Howell and Elizabeth Griffiths found? What should be noted about their point?
> James Howell and Elizabeth Griffiths note that the availability of firearms is an important facilitator of gang violence, specifically because guns are the weapon of choice for gang members.
> However, because these individuals often use illegal guns, gun control legislation mandating measures such as background checks are unlikely to affect gang-related homicides
Aside from the availabilty of firearms, what is another facitilator of gang violence?
1. What do people contend about illicit drug trafficking and gangs
2. What does violence between rivavl gangs include?
> some drug-related activity and conflict between rival gangs
> Some contend that the illicit drug trafficking and sales conducted by gangs is what increases violence, while others contend that both drugs and gang activity are cause violence.
> violence between rival gangs includes includes homicides, maintaining turf, defending one’s identity as a gang member, defense of the gang’s honor and reputation, and revenge or retaliation
Efforts to prevent gang violence are inextricably related to what kind of efforts? these efforts cannot be effective without taking what into consideration?
> to prevent juvenile delinquency in general.
> taking into consideration the larger community and societal contexts in which gangs exist.
What is a program provided by the US department of justice that has been proven to be effective in decreasing gang-related violence?
> The U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) developed a comprehensive gang model
What are the five strategies of the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)?
CM,OP, SI, S, OC+D
1) Community Mobilization
2) Opportunities provision
3) Social intervention
4) Suppression
5) Organizational Change and Development
What are elements of Community Mobilization?
> Involvement of local citizens, former gang-involved youth, local agencies, and community groups
What are elements of Opportunities Provision?
> A variety of educational, training, and employment programs targeting gang-involved youth
What are elements of Social Intervention?
> Involvement of youth-services agencies, schools, faith-based organizations, police, and other organizations to reach out to gang-involved youth and their families
What are elements of suppression?
> Formal and informal social control, including close supervision of gang-involved youth by criminal justice and school-based agencies as well as grassroots groups
What are elements of Organizational Change and Development?
> Development of policies and procedures that result in the most effective use of available resources across agencies to address the gang problem
What cities have utilized strategies from the Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)? Have any cities incorporated all 5?
> Richmond, Virginia, involved many intervention activities in its program, including job training and placement, role modeling and mentoring, mental health and substance abuse services, and tattoo removal services, among others.
> In addition to these services, Los Angeles, California, included anger management and conflict resolution training.
> While Richmond and Los Angeles both included prevention activities targeting younger children, Richmond included many more activities directed at very young children, including prenatal and infancy support, afterschool and summer programs for elementary and middle school youth, and arts and recreation programming for all at-risk youth.
Aside from the Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) program, what is another program that has showed promise?
> Cure violence
What is the Cure violence program?
> Cure Violence, as the name implies, views violence from a public health perspective.
> The goal of this program is to reduce homicides by identifying youth who are most at risk of being shot or shooting someone else.
> Trained mediators, who are often former gang members, mediate conflicts between gang-involved youth both in the streets and in hospital emergency rooms.
Has the cure violence program been successful? What should be noted if it has been?
> This program has been used in several cities, and experimental evaluations indicate that it did significantly reduce homicides in the vast majority of cities in which it was implemented.
> While this and similar programs have shown promise, it is important to remember that they do not change the underlying factors from which gang members are created, including structural disadvantage, blocked educational and economic opportunities, and alienation from the larger society, schools, and often their own families.
