Chapter 7 Flashcards
crimes that are most likely to be committed by strangers, are generally perpetrated where? What three types of crimes does this include?
> In public
> Includes:
1) robbery,
2) workplace violence (including bank robbery),
3) and street gang violence.
In his classic study of homicide in Philadelphia, Marvin Wolfgang divided homicide into what two categories? What perpetrators belonged in each category?
> into primary homicides, which involved intimates, friends, and acquaintances,
> and secondary homicides, which involved strangers.
What phrase did Marvin Wolfgang assign to secondary homicide?
> stranger crime
Before reading into “stranger crime” what is important to note about all crime?
> it is important to remember that the majority of all violent crimes, except for robberies, are committed by offenders known to their victims.
1) Robbery can occur in a number of different contexts, including what?
2) What are the offenders like and what can they be like sometimes?
3) Do the dynamics of a robbery vary ?
> including homes, public locations, and commercial establishments.
> Sometimes it involves offenders known to their victims, but it more often involves strangers,
> and the dynamics of each robbery event can vary dramatically.
What do robberies sometimes escalate to and how is it prosecuted (in the US)
> Unfortunately, robberies sometimes escalate to murder
> this can be prosecuted as a kind of felony murder
In general, about 24% of homicides in which a felony circumstance was identified were the result of another type of felony— what felony?
> robbery
Although most robberies don’t result in death, they all involve the use of:
> the use of force or the threat of force
John Conklin described over three decades ago, the crime of robbery incorporates two threatening elements:
> “the use of force against the victim and the theft of [the victim’s] property.”
How does the NCVS define robbery?
> Completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury
What is the element that establishes why a robbery is considered a violent crime?
> The element of force or attempted force is the reason robberies
Why is a burglary considered a property crime?
> A burglary, in which an offender(s) breaks into a residence and steals a homeowner’s belongings, is a property crime because there is no force or threat of force to a person.
When can a burglary escalate to become a robbery?
> a burglary can become a robbery if an offender finds someone in the house and uses or threatens to use force against that person during the commission of the crime.
According to the NCVS, the rates of robbery have declined from the highs witnessed in the early 1990s, since 2002, have they increased or remained stable since?
1. What was the rate per 1000 individuals in 2002?
2. “ in 2014?
3. “ in 2015?
4. “ in 2018?
> they have remained relatively stable.
> 2002: was 2.7
2.5 in 2014,
2.1 in 2015,
2.1 in 2018.
How many robbery victimizations occurred in 2018?
> 573,100 robbery victimizations in 2018
What age demographic is most likely to experience robbery?
> young adults are more likely to experience a robbery compared to their older counterparts.
According to the NCVS, those between the ages of what have the highest rates of robbery?
> 18 and 24 have the highest rates of robbery.
Does race affect the chances of you being robbed? What about SES?
1. Regardless of race/ethnicity, what makes someone more likely to be robbed in comparison to what group?
2. When race is considered, what two groups living in poverty are more vulnerable?
3. What should be noted about the race factor (they perpetrate violence in…)
4. The poor cannot afford what to prevent robbery?
5. They are more likely to live in what kind of building that makes them vulnerable for attack
6. Are more likely to shop / eat in places that are considered what?
> those living in poverty, regardless of race and ethnicity, are more likely to become robbery victims compared to those with higher incomes,
> African American and Hispanic individuals living in poverty conditions are especially vulnerable to this particular crime of violence
*(robbers—similar to other types of violent offenders—usually perpetrate their violence in the same communities and neighborhoods in which they live.)
> The poor are also less likely to be able to afford security systems for their homes and businesses,
> are more likely to live in apartment buildings with stairwells and hallways that make residents vulnerable to attack,
> and are more likely to shop in stores and eat in restaurants that are considered good locales for robberies because of a lack of adequate lighting or security personnel.
How does gender affect the risk of experiencing a robbery? Is the same true for the elderly?
> younger males are at a higher risk of experiencing a robbery compared with their younger female counterparts; however, this is not the case for the elderly. In fact, elderly males and females are equally vulnerable to robbery.
Marital status and geographic location are also related to robbery victimization. How so and why?
> those living in urban locations are more likely to experience a robbery compared with their suburban and rural counterparts. Being single, either through never marrying or being divorced or separated, also increases the risk of robbery
- This is probably related to the increased number of leisure activities that single people engage in outside of the home, particularly evening activities that place people in locations and situations that heighten the risk of victimization.
Do robberies happen at day or night?
> robberies are about equally likely to occur in the daytime as at night.
- over 4 in 10 robberies occur at or near what?
- Half of all robberies are commited in what kind of space?
- How many of those are reported to the police despite the fact that they involve both theft and violence?
> over 4 in 10 robberies occur at or near a personal residence,
while just over half of all robberies occur in public spaces.
> And finally, despite the fact that robberies involve both theft and violence, only about 50% of robbery victims reported their victimization to police
- According to the NCVS, about two in three robbery victims engaged in some type of action that is not restricted to just what?
- What does it include?
- And what did the majority of these victims report that this action did?
> engaged in some type of self-protective action
This is not restricted to just fighting back - it also includes such things as appealing to or reasoning with the offender.
> The majority of those who did take some action told interviewers that the action helped the situation in some way, including avoiding injury and protecting their property.
- Out of three, how many robberies cause injury?
- Translate this rate to be broken down by gender.
- Was the same rate true for those with known offenders / unknown offenders?
- About one in three robbery victims sustained an injury as the result of their victimization.
- This was true for both males and females. (equal rate)
- Interestingly, victims robbed by strangers were equally likely to be injured as the result of their victimization compared with those robbed by known offenders