Chapter 12 Flashcards
General violence prevention efforts are conducted by what system and are often informed by what perspective?
> by the criminal justice system
> have been informed by a public health perspective.
The costs of violence exist well beyond what? Do the acts only affect the individual?
> exist well beyond one single act and far past the perpetrators or victims.
>
- the harm inflicted by violent acts also negatively impacts many other people beyond the victims themselves.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-V), PTSD is defined as what kind of disorder?
> is defined as a trauma and stressor-related disorder
refers to mental health difficulties that some people develop after having gone through or having witnessed a life-threatening event.
What is the symptomolgy of PTSD?
IRCD/NMS,F,AB,PN,OOA,DC,AHSR,
> include recurrent dreams and nightmares,
flashbacks,
avoidance behaviors,
psychological numbing,
outbursts of anger,
difficulty concentrating,
a heightened startle response,
>
- various other problems that can dramatically affect their ability to function and maintain relationships and jobs
Is the suffrage of PTSD limited to homicides on the part of loved ones? What are these people called?
> Not limited to just homicides.
Studies have shown that after the sexual assault of a loved one (such as a family member, for example), the family and friends of the victim usually suffer significant emotional pain and a number of physical and psychological problems
> Called secondary victims
Aside from friends and family, what can secondary victims include? Provide an example.
?/5 report feeling unsafe + sympyoms of PTSD like those exposed to war?
> secondary victims also include those who may not directly know the victim(s) but have witnessed or even heard (e.g., a fight outside or gunshot) the incident
> school-aged children in public housing projects that have witnessed a shooting -
1 in 5 residents reported feeling unsafe and many children in these communities often display symptoms of PTSD, similar to those seen in children exposed to war or other major disasters.10
Is the trauma experienced by victims short term? If not- how can trauma be experienced over time?
> these impacts are not only short term.
> Research has shown that trauma can be passed down over time intergenerationally (within an extended family unit)
What is intergenerational trauma?
> refers to families keeping the memory of victimization alive by sharing the stories and perceptions of that experience.
When was intergenerational trauma recognized? (In what population was it recognized?
> was first recognized in children of Holocaust survivors.
> The research found that those who lived through the Holocaust often suffered from PTSD—but somewhat surprisingly, so did their children, even though they had not directly experienced the Nazi-perpetrated genocide.
Can trauma extend beyond an individual? What is this called? Provide an example:
Hint - note intergenerational trauma.
> harm extends beyond individuals to entire communities and subgroups of the population.
> This is sometimes called historical trauma.
> This type of trauma concerns a larger community or group that experiences trauma simply because they are members in the same group/subgroup as the victim(s) (e.g., member of a race/ethnic group, resident of city, student/employee of high school).
> For example: every time there is a school shooting, kids going to school as well as their parents, their teachers, and school administrators across the country all feel the pain of loss and increased anxiety and fear regarding their safety.
Traumatic reactions to new events can also exacerbate what kind of traumas? Provide an example of this incident.
> past traumas.
> I.E., simply watching media coverage of tragedies such as the Boston Marathon bombings can retraumatize people who have experienced other traumatic situations, even if they are far removed from the actual event itself.
Research has shown that people who experience traumatic events lose what brain function?
> lose their cognitive bias that the world is predictable and safe, which further increases the likelihood of depression and anxiety.
What do Roberts and Green point out about our lives and bias? What shatters our bias in our lives? What 3 specific assumptions are shattered?
> point out that all of us live our lives based on certain assumptions
violent victimization often shatters these assumptions
1) about being in control of our lives,
2) feeling a sense of safety and security, a
3) nd notions of fairness and justice
What are direct costs of violence?
> Direct costs include those arising immediately following the event, such as the cost of medical care.
What are indirect costs of violence? Are they easy to calculate? Are they ciritcal to understand the economic impact that violence has on society?
> costs of a victimization that are incurred by the larger society.
> It is important to remember that while indirect costs are the most difficult to calculate, including such figures help us better understand the huge economic impact that violence has on society.
Combined, murder, rape, assault, and robbery cost the United States how much in medical expenses, law enforcement, courts, correctional facility expenses, and lost earnings? What does this figure not include?
> over $42 billion annually
> this doesn’t include intangibles, such as pain, suffering, and a loss of life quality, as we briefly explored above.
One analysis of eight U.S. cities (Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Jacksonville, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, Seattle) estimated the intangible costs of violent offenses and arrived at what total?
> arrived at a total of $13.9 billion every year for only these locations.
> That is nearly $14 billion for the eight cities in the study alone and does not include all of the indirect costs for the rest of the country.
Nationwide, it is estimated that the intangible costs of violent crime are around the order of of what cost?
> $156 billion per year.
20% of all mental health spending is used to treat what kind of victims?
> treat victims of violent crime.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the costs of interpersonal violence is what? How many deaths are a result of violent crime? How many crimes need medical condition?
> is hundreds of billions (too large to estimate)
> They note that of the 1.6 million deaths across the world attributed to violence, over 85% are due to interpersonal violence.
> They also estimate that for every violent death, there are 10 to 40 times as many injuries that require medical attention.
1) What percentage of americans fear becoming a victim of violent crime when traveling?
2) “ for being alone at night?
3) “for being at home?
4) “ limit where they go?
5) how many are careful when they go shopping?
1) 72% fear becoming a victim of violent crime when traveling,
2) 61% fear being attacked when out alone at night in their communities,
3) 60% acknowledge fear even when they are at home.
4) Furthermore, 60% of people surveyed limit where they go
5) while approximately a third of respondents are careful about when and where they go shopping.
What are the rates out of 5 for working in certain locations that aren’t dangerous, installed security systems, and purchased a weapon for self-defense?
> round 1 in 5 respondents will work only in certain locations because they do not want to take jobs in places they think are dangerous.
> On top of this, over 1 in 4 people have installed home security systems,
> and 1 in 5 have purchased a weapon for self-defense
Has the fear of violence been stable over time?
> This fear has stayed remarkably stable over time. In 1980, about 40% of respondents reported that they were too afraid to walk alone at night.
> In 2013, this number was at 37%, despite the fact that violent crime had declined significantly since the first survey.
> Ironically, in 2013, when asked if there was more or less crime in their area than the previous year, 37% said that there was more.
According to the UCR and NCVS data, has crime declined or increased?
> Empirical evidence based on both Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program’s police report data and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) self-reporting data all indicate that crime had significantly declined.
Are our fears in proportion for the data for stranger perpetrated violence?
> our fears of violent crime have not decreased in correspondence to the decrease in violence.
> Not only are our fears about general risk not keeping up with overall trends in violence, but our fears of stranger-perpetrated violence are also out of sync with the data.
> Ironically, most of us are more fearful of strangers, but we are generally more at risk of being victimized by someone we know.
What does the apprehension of violence impact? As a result, how does this affect us?
> impacts our worldview and often results in a more cynical and mistrustful view of others.
> In turn, this makes us less willing to interact and extend ourselves for the benefit of our fellow citizens and community members.
> we don’r see the world as safe and just.
What are the costs of overall violence?
I+C, D+I, M+P, + E
> The costs are individual and collective; direct and indirect; monetary, physical, and emotional.
What are two points that need to be emphasized when talking about violence?
> First, any attempt to address the problem of violence must confront it on a number of different levels - there is no single root cause of violence.
> The second major point that we want to emphasize is that prevention is always better than intervention.
A good example of a well-intentioned policy that failed is what?
> the famous Minneapolis experiment (by Richard Berk and Lawrence Sherman conducted an experiment in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to determine whether arrest was an effective deterrent for intimate partner assault.)
> The effects of arrest on future incidents of intimate partner violence were inconsistent at best - not what they claimed and hence the policy was not effective.
Prevention efforts are generally aimed at what reducing what for what kind of population and ehnancing what kind of factors?
> aimed at reducing risk factors for the entire population and enhancing protective factors that prevent violence from occurring in the first place.
Efforts directed at intervention, are aimed at what? Can they be aimed at people as what?
> are aimed at intervening after something has already occurred or is at a high risk of occurring.
> these interventions can be directed at both victims and perpetrators of violence
The public health approach to violence prevention focuses on what efforts? How about the criminal justice approach? What is another way to differentiate the two?
> focuses primarily on prevention efforts,
> while the criminal justice approach places a great deal of emphasis on intervention.
> Put another way, public health tends to be proactive, while criminal justice tends to be reactive.
rtunately, many programs have been implemented jointly by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that combine what two approaches?
> that combine the public health and criminal justice approaches.
Generally, research that evaluates the effectiveness of some program or policy is called what research?
> is called evaluation research.
In order to determine whether a program or policy has a causal effect on an intended outcome (e.g., reducing violence), what design is employed? What is the alternative design?
> a randomized control trial (RCT),
> otherwise known as a true experimental design, is needed.
In an RCT, elements of a group or population (e.g., convicted offenders) are randomly assigned to one of two groups. What are the two groups?
> The first group, typically called the experimental group, participates in the program or is treated in a way dictated by a specific policy, while the control group does not or is not.
To ensure the experimental and control groups are truly equivalent, individuals are placed into each group through what means?
> through random assignment (different than random selection)
> random selection = randomly selecting a sample from the population
The U.S. DOJ provides information on the programs that are considered what?
> have been evaluated using RCTs and proven to be effective in reducing various types of violence and aggression on its website called CrimeSolutions.gov.
> Importantly, all programs on this site have been rated based on the rigorousness of the studies that evaluated them.
> Only those programs that have been evaluated using an RCT and that still show promise are allowed to be given the label effective.
When it is impossible to randomly assign the population to an experimental and control condition, what design can be used?
> a quasi-experimental design may be used.
> Quasi simply means something missing in Latin, and in the case of evaluation research, it typically means that there was a control group and an experimental group but there was no random assignment.
when you click on the list of programs that have been designated as effective, you will see that the majority of these programs are not directly related to what? Instead what factors are they related to and why do they show in this section?
> violence prevention
> nstead, most are directed at factors related to violence, such as substance abuse.
> The reason it comes up in a search for preventing violence is because alcohol and some drugs have been shown to facilitate violence.
