Class Notes - Intro To Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body
- determine where things are and what materials make up different components
Physiology
Study of the functions of the body
- investigating the chemical and biological processes that make things run
How are Physiology and Anatomy similar?
Lots of terminology
- basically a language to be learned
Gross anatomy
Anatomy on a large scale (most of lab work)
Histology
Higher level anatomy, looking at the structure of the body with a microscope
Light microscope
Light is passed through a thin section of sample
Electron microscope
Electrons are thrown at an object and are passed through to give a picture
Scanning electron
Electrons bounce from surface of object to give an image
Embryology
Study of the first 8 week of development, watch how it developed from a fertile egg to specialized parts of the Body
Developmental anatomy
study of the body from fertilization to death
- notes all the changes through the lifespan
Imaging or radio graphic anatomy
use techniques to visualize parts inside the body without dissection the body
- imaging by MRI, CAT scan…
Pathological anatomy
anatomy changes related to damage or disease
What is Hierarchical organization of the body?
Chemical -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system -> Organism
What are the Six life processes
Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction
Metabolism
chemical processes cells must run for survival
Responsiveness
maintain homeostasis by response to changing environment
Movement
most cells move
could be by just part of the cell or the whole cell
(cilia vs flagellum?)
Growth
increase of cell size, amount of cells, or increased of extra cellular material
Differentiation
Of the cell types (they become different)
- specialization
Reproduction
Form new cells
Anatomical position
feet shoulder width apart and palms facing forward (thumbs outward)
• go over regional terms to reference specific body areas
What does embryology study?
- the development of body tissue and organs
- during the first 8 weeks of development, post conception, ends when organ formation is completed
Events of embryology during week 1
Day 5 - blastocyst reached uterus
Day 6 - blastocyst develops into inner cell mass and trophoblast
Day 7 - implantation begins
Events of embryology during week 2
Day 9 - the inner cell mass divides into epiblast and then turns into the amniotic sac
- hypoblast turns into the yolk sac
Day 11 - implantation complete; bilaminar embryonic disk
Events of embryology during week 3
Day 14/15
- primitive streak forms (on doral epiblast)
- epiblast cells migrate inward to begin the process of gastrulation
- 1st cells become endoderm (continuous with hypoblast, becomes complete)
Day 16
- invagination continues
- mesoderm forms
- notochord develops
Remaining epiblast cells become ectoderm
What are the 3 germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm develops into
Skin, nervous system
Mesoderm develops into
Intervertebral discs
- intervertebral discs
- vertebrae and ribs
- trunk and limb muscles
- dermis
- kidneys
- gonads
- non epithelial parts of digestive and respiratory tracts
- digestive glands
Endoderm develops into
Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts; digestive glands
What is a cell
- Functional unit of life (smallest indivisible unit of body to operate on its own)
- Site of chemical reactions necessary for life processes
What are the primary compartments of the cell
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
