Class Notes - Integumentry System and Cartilage

Question 1

what are the layers of the dermis

Answer 1

papillary layer

reticular layer

Question 2

what are the properties of the papillary layer

Answer 2

loose CT

bumps into the epidermis

Question 3

what are the properties of the reticular layer

Answer 3

• bulk of the dermis
• dense irregular CT
• some elastic fibers found

Question 4

what are the functions of the hypodermis?

Answer 4

aka - subcutaneous

• attach skin to muscle and bone
• store nutrients
• provide insulation

Question 5

what are the different types of burns?

Answer 5

1st, 2nd, 3rd

Question 6

1st degree burns

Answer 6

• involves the top layer of the epidermis only

- redness and swelling, pain

Question 7

2nd degree burns

Answer 7

• skin blisters
• involves all of the epidermis and some of the dermis
• may involvve all of the dermis
• skin (follicles and glands) regenerate

Question 8

3rd degree burns

Answer 8

• may extend into deeper tissues and muscles
• biggest issue - H2O loss
• skin grafts

Question 9

what are the layers of the hair

Answer 9

medulla
cortex
cuticle

Question 10

how does hair grow?

Answer 10

at the base of follicle, cells in the epithelial root sheath

• move into the hair matrix and divide
• add to the length of a hair strand

Question 11

what are skin glands

Answer 11

invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis

Question 12

what are the types of sweat glands

Answer 12

eccrine - watery sweat, most common, stimulated by stress + heat
apocrine - sweat + protein -> waxy oil, in smelly places

Question 13

what are modifications of the epidermis

Answer 13

nail matrix
nail bed
eponychium
hyponychium

Question 14

cells of the cartilage are

Answer 14

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

Question 15

what are chondroblasts

Answer 15

immature cell, not yet surrounded by ECM

Question 16

what are chondrocytes

Answer 16

more mature cells

Question 17

what is the extracellular matrix

Answer 17

-secreted by the chondroblasts
-maintained by the chondrocytes
- ground substance rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
(bind water + sugary)

Question 18

what are properties of the tissues of the cartilage

Answer 18

• avascular + no nerves in ECM
• compressible yet resilient
• resistance to tension depends on collagen
• often surrounded by perichondrium

Question 19

what are the three general functions of cartilage

Answer 19

• support soft tissues
• provide gliding surface at articulations
• precursor or model for bone formation

Question 20

what are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 20

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 21

properties of hyaline cartilage

Answer 21

• glassy
• most common
• collagen fibrils (v. small)
  weakest -> least resistant to tension and compression
• can have perichondrium

Question 22

properties of elastic cartilage

Answer 22

-ECM includes elastin and collagen
- not common
tolerated repeated bending and recoil
-found - outer ear and epiglottis

Question 23

properties of fibrocartilage cartilage

Answer 23

• like dense CT
• little ECM w/ large bundles of collagen
• least compressible; most resistant to tension (no perichondrium)
• good shock absorber
• found in vertebral discs, pubis and articular joint

Question 24

how does cartilage growth get affected by age?

Answer 24

• most rapid during development

- slows dramatically after skeleton matures

Question 25

what are the types of cartilage growth

Answer 25

appositional growth

interstitial growth