Class Differneces in Acheivment: External, Cultural

Question 1

What 5 topics can we split this into?

Answer 1

Working class subculture
Language
Speech codes
Parents education
Compensatory education

Question 2

Working class subculture

Answer 2

SUGARMAN argued four key features
1. fatalism - beleif in fate
2. collectivism - would rather be part of group than have indy success
3. immediate gratification - want immediate reward, m/c prefer deferred e.g leave school to work
4. present time orientation - not thinking long term or having goals

Question 3

how does working class subculture exist

Answer 3

passed on from parents in primary socialisation
m/c are more likley to have careers which have the opposite of the 4 concepts

Question 4

benifits of good language gauge

Answer 4

FEINSTEIN - m/c parents more likely to use praise showing their competence

HUBBS TAIT - improves cognitive performance

Question 5

what are the different speech codes used

Answer 5

BERNSTEIN
the restricted code
the elaborated code

Question 6

what is the restricted code

Answer 6

BERNSTEIN
- used by w/c
- limited vocabulary simple sentences etc
- not used in school making w/c feel excluded

Question 7

what is the elaborated code

Answer 7

BERNSTEIN
- used by m/c
- wider vocabulary complex sentences
- context free
- used by teachers!!!!!

Question 8

criticism of BERNSTEIN

Answer 8

GAINE AND GEORGE
- say the gap between speech has been exaggerated
- probably reduced further since his research

Question 9

how is parents education important?

Answer 9

DOUGLAS - w/c parents put less value on eduaction
GOODMAN AND GREGG - found parental involvement was single most important factor
FEINSTEIN - m/c parents tend to have higher qualifications and cab socialise their children

Question 10

how do m/c parents socialise their children into education?

Answer 10

Parenting style - consistent discipline and high expectations encouraging learning
Parents educational behavoirs - such as reading to them and being actively involved
Use of income - more likely to buy educational toys and books
FEINSTEIN - parental education is relevant no matter class

Question 11

what is compensatory education?

Answer 11

• tackles cultural deprivation by sending resources to deprived areas
• aims to increase things like parenting skills or aspirations

Question 12

criticism of compensatory education

Answer 12

• HALSEY and WHITTY argue insufficient resources went towards these so were not helpful
• REAY says this wont help as the real cause is poverty

Question 13

criticisms of cultural deprivation theory

Answer 13

victim blaming
different, not deprived
labelling
parental interest

Question 14

explain victim blaming

Answer 14

ignores inequalities built into the system and wider society saying their culture is problematic

Question 15

explain different, not deprived

Answer 15

KEDDIE says a w/c child still has a culture just one that is different from the one dominant in schools which should change

Question 16

explain labelling

Answer 16

the idea of cultural deprivation leads to underachievement
self fulfilling prophecy
they just believe all this so wont try

Question 17

ex split parental interest

Answer 17

BLACKSTONE AND MORTIMORE
working class parents don’t attend parents evening because
- long and irregular working hours
- put off going by m/c atmosphere

parents also feel excluded from decision making - and less effective communication systems