class differences - external Flashcards
7% of children attend private schools. What % of Oxbridge is made up of these children?
50%
What did Durham university find in 2016?
privately educated children are two years ahead of students in state setor by age of 16
CD According to Bernstein what do W/C children experience?
linguistic deprivation
CD How does the elaborated code assist M/C children?
used by teachers, exams and textbooks so early socialisation using it means they are prepared for education.
Able to handle high-level concepts
Context free
CD How does the restricted speech code inhibit W/C children?
descriptive rather than analytical
context-bound
limited vocab, simple sentences,
Feel confused and bewildered by unfamiliar language
CD why is Bernstein different from other CD theorists?
he recognises the failure of school too as they do not teach W/C how to use the elaborate code.
CD why do Bereiter and Engelmann believe W/C lang. is deficient?
families use of gestures, single words, disjointed phrases mean children are incapable of abstract thinking, unable to explain, describe, compare, enquire
CD Douglas’ view on W/C parents.
They place less value on education and are less ambitious and motivated for their children.
They attended parent’s evening less.
CD Feinstein’s view on M/C parents
since they are better educated, they give thier children an advantage in socialisation.
CD According to Feinstein how do M/C parents advantage their children through socialisation?
PARENTING STYLE - consistent discipline and high expectations. Encourages active learning and exploration.
PARENTS’ EDUCATIONAL BEHAVIOUR - more aware of what is needed to assist progress. e.g. trips to museums and homework help. Better at establishing relationships with teachers
USE OF INCOME - spent in ways to promote ed. progess. Higher income to buy nutritional food. Bernstein and Young - M/C mothers likely to buy ed. books and toys that stimulate intellectual development.
How does Feinstein differences in achievement within classes?
Parental education had influence on children in its own right, regardless of class/income.
What does Sugarman believe the W/C culture consists of?
fatalism, present time orientation, immediate gratification, collectivism
how does the W/C subculture impact on educational success and why does it exist?
W/C see world as insecure place. The children are socialised to seek short-term goals and immediate pleasure. More likely to enter paid work than HE.
What do compensatory educational programmes aim to do?
tackle CD by providing extra resources in deprived areas.
what is Operation Head Start?
introduced in 1960s USA
scheme of pre-school ed.
‘planned enrichment’ of deprived child’s environment
Sesame Street was part of it - transmitted values, attitudes and skills needed for ed success
What is Sure Start?
part of New Labour gov policy to tackle poverty and social exclusion.
2010- 3500 local centres.
Provide integrated ed, care, family support, health services and support with parental employment.
significant cuts and closures since 2011
How does Keddie critique CD theory?
describes it as a ‘myth’ - sees it as victim blaming. She argues a child cannot be deprived of its own culture - W/C children are culturally different>deprived.
What does Keddie suggest schools do to help with CD?
rather than see W/C culture as deficient, they should build on its strenghts and challenge teachers’ anti-W/C prejudices.
How do Blackstone and Mortimore explain the percieved ‘lack of interest’ amongst W/C parents?
they attend fewer eveneings because they work longer/irregular hours or may be put off by school’s M/C atmosphere.
They may lack the knowledge to assist progress, in spite of the desire to do so.
Evidence to suggest W/C schools have less effective systems of parent-school contacts, making it harder for parents to keep in touch with child’s progress.
What did the Centre for Longitudinal Studies 2007 find?
By the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are 1 year behind those from privileged homes
MD theory uses evidence to show povery is linked to underachievement. What did the Department for Education 2012 find?
barely 1/3 of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSE’s
90% of …
failing schools are located in deprived areas
how does HOUSING affect achievement?
overcrowding - hard to study, disturbed sleep, nowhere to do h/w.
Young children’s development can be impaired through lack of space for safe play and exploration.
Families in temporary accommodation may result in frequent changes of school
cold/damp can cause ill health and temp acom. can mean psychological distress, accidents - all of which mean absence from school
how does DIET AND HEALTH affect achievement?
HOWARD - people from poorer homes have lower intakes of vitamins and minerals which weakens the immune system and lowers chiildren’s energy levels = illness and absence from school.
WILKINSON - poor = more likely to have emotional/behavioural problems. Among 10 year olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity etc. which have negative effects on child’s ed.
