Class Differences: External

Question 1

What % of British children attend private school

Answer 1

7%

Question 2

What % of entrants come to Oxford or Cambridge come from private school

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

According to CD theorist, why do many wc children underachieve in education?

Answer 3

-Lack of cultural equipment leads to inadequate socialisation (primary) of values, attitudes, skills needed for education.

Question 4

What are the 3 main aspects of CD?

Answer 4

Language, Parents education, Wc subculture

Question 5

Bernstein (language)

Answer 5

Restricted & elaborated code

Question 6

Feinstein (language)

Answer 6

Educated parents more likely use challenging language-think abstract , encouragement&support

Question 7

Douglas (parents education)

Answer 7

Wc parents place less value on education

Question 8

Bernstein & young

Answer 8

Mc mother’s more likely to buy educational books/ toys ect
-read to children, songs ect

Question 9

Sugarman (wc subculture)

Answer 9

-Fatalism
-Collectivism
-Immediate gratification
-Present time orientation

Internalise values through socialisation

Question 10

Keddie

Answer 10

Myth of CD: Victim-blaming explanation, not child’s fault, different not wrong

Question 11

Troyna & Williams

Answer 11

Myth of CD
Problem not language but school attitude. Teachers have a speech hierarchy. Subconscious/ conscious prejudices

Question 12

Blackstone

Answer 12

Myth of CD
Wc attend fewer parent evenings not due to lack of interest. Longer working hours/ mc atmosphere puts them off. Lack knowledge to support

Question 13

4 material factors that may lead to underachievement

Answer 13

-Housing
-Diet & health
- Financial support & cost of education
- Fear of debt

Question 14

Howard

Answer 14

Poorer homes have less energy, vitamins ect. Affects health, absenteeism, concentration

Question 15

Bull (finance)

Answer 15

‘The cost of free schooling)’
Lack of money results in insufficient equipment, experiences, achievement.

Question 16

Flaherty (finance)

Answer 16

Fear of stigmatisation. Explains why 20% eligible don’t claim free school meals.

Question 17

2000 student survey (fear of debt)

Answer 17

-WC were debt adverse (cost over benefits). 5x less likely to apply to uni than debt tolerant (MC)

Question 18

Reay

Answer 18

WC more likely to apply to local unis.
-Less opportunity for high stat unis. Also more likely to work PT
-Higher dropout rates (16.6% - 1.5% oxford)

Question 19

Mortimore and Whitty

Answer 19

View material deprivation as more important
-tackling child poverty most effective to boost achievement

Question 20

Feinstein

Answer 20

Views cultural deprivation as most important factor

Question 21

Bourdieu

Answer 21

-Economic capital = cultural capital: better equipped to meet school demands. Economic capital converts to Edu capital (private school, tuition)
-Cultural capital = Educational capital: socialisation means WC more likely have intellectual interest. dominant wc culture. devalue wc culture

Question 22

Leech and Campos

Answer 22

‘selection by mortgage’
MC parents more able to live in homes within the catchment area of a school in high exam league tables. Excludes WC.

Question 23

Sullivan

Answer 23

Research into cultural capital
-Asked 465 pupils abt Tv habits, visits to galleries ect.
-Those who read complex fiction & TV docs had greater CC (wider vocabulary, cultural knowledge)
-Even when CC was same between diff classes, MC still did better

Concluded: greater resources/ aspirations in MC families explain the class gap in achievement