Class difference in achievement- (2) internal factors

Question 1

What is labelling

Answer 1

Attaching a meaning or definition to someone

Question 2

How is labelling used in schools

Answer 2

Teachers often label pupils often mc and wc

Question 3

How are mc children labelled who identified this

Answer 3

Often seen as the “ideal pupil”

Becker

Question 4

who identified

a) labelling in secondary schools
b) labelling in primary schools

Answer 4

a) Dunen and Gazley argued that schools persistently produce wc under achievement bc of labels and assumptions of teachers
found that schools ‘normalised’ wc under achievement

b) Rist studied AM kindergarten ound that teacher used info about childrens background to place them into diff groups seating each group at different table - last learners called ‘tigers’
others were ‘cardinals’ and ‘clowns’

Question 5

How does a self fulfilling prophecy work

Answer 5

1. Teacher labels pupil
2. Teacher treats student accordingly
3. Pupil internalised this label and becomes their self image

Question 6

Who studies Oak Primary School and labelling

Answer 6

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Question 7

What did Rosenhal and Jacobson learn about labelling

Answer 7

Told school they had a test designed to show who would spurt
Picked 20% purely randomly
Year later nearly 50% of these had spurted
Effect was greater on younger children

Question 8

What is steaming

Answer 8

Separating children into different study groups based on vilify
Often linked with self fulfilling prophecy
as becker notes theyre not ideal pupils and therefore likley to be in low stream

Question 9

Explain streaming and the a*-c economy and who talks about it

Answer 9

Gillborn and Youdell
Wc likely to be in lower steam
Publishing league tables means you can see what % of pupils get the grades MARKETISATION
Schools need higher ranks for funding
Schools arguably categorise ‘educational triage’
1. Those who will pass anyway - left to get on with it
2. Those with potential - helped to get a C
3. Hopeless case - doomed to fail
Wc more likely to be in Lower steams

Question 10

What is a subculture

Answer 10

A group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

Question 11

How did Lacey describe subcultures

Answer 11

Differentiation
- process of teachers catogorising pupils on their perceived ability
- steaming is a form of differentiation
Polarisation
- response of pupils to theses streams (pro/anti)

Question 12

Explain anti school subcultures as a result of streaming

Answer 12

Those places in lower streams
Feel school has given up on them
Leads them to try and find another way to gain status - usually through turning schools values upside down
They gain status through misbehaving

Question 13

Sociologist who is pro abolishing streaming

Answer 13

Ball

Question 14

What did Ball discover on steaming

Answer 14

Found when school abandoned steaming
Largely removed influence of anti school subcultures
However teachers continued to label pupils

Question 15

who identified the different responses

Answer 15

Woods argues there are lots

Question 16

Woods subcultures

Answer 16

Pro and anti just two others are possible
• ingratiation - being teachers pet
• ritualism - going through motions staying out of trouble
• retreation - daydreaming and mucking around
• rebellion - objecting school

Question 17

Criticisms of labelling theory

Answer 17

Labelling doesn't make something inevitable
marxist say it stems from teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions

Question 18

Explain habitus

Answer 18

Refers to the "dispositions" or learned taking for granted ways of thinking that are shared by a certain class 
Mc habit us is dominant
linked to bernstein cultural capital 
archer found wc felt they had to change themselves to be ed successful

Question 19

What is “Nike identities”

Answer 19

archer
Wc don’t fit in so have to find other ways of gaining status
Heavily invest in brands eg Nike
Girls adopt hyper heterosexual personalities