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Cog Neuro 2 > Class 7 - Executive functioning > Flashcards

Class 7 - Executive functioning Flashcards

1
Q

Executive functions

A

set of cognitive process that help organize

3 main units

  • working memory
  • inhibitory control
  • cognitive flexibility
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2
Q

Unity/diversity in EF

A

all EFs share one factor in common, and then two that are active in specific situations

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3
Q

PFC in EF

A

lots of funtonal and antomical subdividsions

involved in starting and stoping

conceptual thinking (big thing)

being able to respond to new things

goal directed behavior

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4
Q

more ventral in PFC

A

matience of information

holding in mind

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5
Q

the more dorasl in PFC

A

more to do with manipularon of information

the how

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6
Q

more anterior in PFC

A

more abstract

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7
Q

more posterier in PFC

A

more concreet thinking is

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8
Q

working memeory and EF

A

WM underlies many EFs

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9
Q

Monkeys with PFC lesions can complete the associative memory task but not the __

A

WM task

because no external cues avalable

maintin an online representation (holding in min)

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10
Q

Value

A

a metric of the preference we give to a given stimulus or course of action

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11
Q

example of value

A

Primary reinforcers (e.g. food) vs. secondary reinforcers (e.g. money) – money gains value as a result of being associated with other reinforcers (e.g. using money to buy food gives money value)

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12
Q

Assessment of the value of a given course of action (deciding to do it or not) involves several factors:

A
  • Payoff / value of reward
  • Likelihood of attaining reward
  • Effort / cost of action
  • Context surrounding a given decision (e.g. novelty)
  • Preference
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13
Q

__ is a key process in the initiation of behaviours

A

dicession making

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14
Q

Activity in ___ regions associated with motor planning also appear to be involved in ___

A

SMA, preSMA, ACC

innitation of behavior

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15
Q

ACC has been found to be active in integrating information about

A

effort and reward

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16
Q

Behavioural apathy is associated with less structural and functional connectivity between

A

ACC and pre-SMA

(Behavioral apathy is not wanting to do things)

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17
Q

Temporal discounting

A

the longer you have to wait fora reward, the value of the reward decreases

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18
Q

Lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex affect an individual’s capacity to evaluate a reward’s

A

value over a long period of time

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19
Q

OFC also tracks representations of contingency: how past information can affect ___

A

subsequent decisions

20
Q

the consequence of making a poor decision

A

Regret

21
Q

People tend to exert more effort for larger rewards, but that is proportional to how

A

large that difference in reward is relative to the difference in effort

22
Q

ACC found to code for a conjunction of both __ and __ as value

A

effort and reward

23
Q

Nucleus accumbens (NAcc): dopaminergic connections from

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Pleasure centre of the brain?

24
Q

Previously discussed nigrostriatal pathway (dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra): ___ activity

A

motor

25
Q

Two pathways emerge from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA):

A
  • Mesolimbic (connections to areas mediating emotion processing)
  • Mesocortical (connections to frontal lobe, particularly medial) – value!
26
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

connections to areas mediating emotion processing

27
Q

Mesocortical pathway

A

connections to frontal lobe, particularly medial - value

28
Q

Dopaminergic neurons (in VTA) anticipating a reward based on a __ not just a ___

A

cue, not just the presence of a reward itself: reward prediction error (RPE)

29
Q

GABA neurons in the VTA synapse onto dopaminergic (DA) neurons and affect their

A

firing rate

30
Q

Inactivating the GABA neurons between receiving the cue and the reward results in

A

increased firing of the DA neurons – the DA neurons can calculate RPE

31
Q

__ can calcluate RPE

A

DA neurons

32
Q

dopamine mediates salience, indicating how much something is

A

important (and in reward cases, desired)

33
Q

Different groups of DA neurons appear to respond in patterns that correspond either to ___ the valence of a stimulus, versus

A

learning

signaling something salient

34
Q

great deal of language processing is lateralized to the left hemisphere regions surrounding the

A

sylvian fissure

35
Q

dysarthria

A

speech problems caused by the loss of control over articularory mussles

36
Q

apraxia

A

deficits in motor planing of articulations

37
Q

anomia

A

form of aphasa chartarized by an inability to name objects

38
Q

syntax

A

rules governing how words are put together in a sentence

39
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

fiber tract connecting broca;s and wenicke’s area

40
Q

models that attempt to explain word comprehension

A

modular model - higher levels cannot influence lower levels, bottom up

interactive models - all types of information can partisapate in word reconition, contex can influence beofore sensory information is avalable

hyprid models

41
Q

synatactic parsing

A

assign a synatic structure to words in sentences

42
Q

N400 response

A

sensitive to semamtic aspects of linguistic input

N400 response occourred when woeds were inconsistant with the meaning of an entire story

43
Q

N600 Response

A

syntatic positive shift (SPS)

when sentiences contain a gramatical violitaition (both when read and listen to)

44
Q

Left anterior frontal cortex has some involvment in __ processing

A

syntatic

45
Q

three functonal componesnts of language processing

A

memory - lingustic knolage that folowing acqusition is incoded and consoladated

unification - integration of lexically retreved phonological, semantic, and synstatic information into an overall representation of the whole

control - language to socal interations

Cog Neuro 2 (8 decks)

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