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Cog Neuro 2 > Class 4 - Attention 2 > Flashcards

Class 4 - Attention 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Visual Search

A

finding a specific stimulus in a mix of multiple stimuli

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2
Q

Conjunction search

A

a search for an object in an array that combines two or more features

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3
Q

Pop- Out search

A

a search for an object in an array that can be identified by one feature

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4
Q

Conjunction search vs pop-out search reaction time

A

Longer for conjunction

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5
Q

set size

A

items in visual array
matters for conjunction but not pop-out

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6
Q

Visual attention in conjunction searches modulates

A

visuospatial attention in a similar way to endogenous cuing

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7
Q

probe at relevant item

A

larger P1 (same with ponor (?) viewing task)

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8
Q

Cuing attention to particular spot

A

enhance level of neural activity in response to a stimulus that appears in this spot (saw with ERP- group of neuronal activity)

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9
Q

V4 neurons

A

color sensitivity

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10
Q

no longer attentionally attending to preferred stimulus (V4 neuron - single neuron)

A

still responding but at a lower rate

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11
Q

put second stimulus in same receptive field

A

sensory interaction - overall reduction in spikes per second

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12
Q

When attention is payed outside of receptive field

A

No attentional modulation found

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13
Q

Move attention to particular stimulus within the receptive field the second stimulus

A

no longer reduces level of activity - no longer competition between the two stimuli

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14
Q

Biased competition model

A

Attention resolves competition between events in receptive field

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15
Q

receptive field size and biased competition model

A

larger RF - more competition can occur
early visual cortex - fields too small to include more than one stimuli

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16
Q

grater need for attention to focus on stimulus as

A

go further from V1

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17
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

sensitive to sense/ places

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18
Q

Attention to places

A

increase activity to PPA compared to baseline

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19
Q

focus on text

A

increase in activity of visual word form area

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20
Q

Networks of attention

A

three:
- Alerting
- Orting
- Executive

Tend to be related with different neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Alerting network of attention

A

maintaining sensitivity to incoming information

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22
Q

Orienting network of attention

A

aligning attention with sensory input, selecting among sensory inputs

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23
Q

Executive network of attention

A

modulating of attentional activity by goals

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24
Q

Network of attention complementary to three network system

A

Dorsal fronto-parietal network
Ventral fronto-parietal network

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25
Q

Dorsal fronto-parietal network
directed towards:
Involves:

A

Preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection

Intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex (including frontal eye fields)

26
Q

Ventral fronto-parietal network
Directed towards:
Involves:

A

Detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli (bottom-up)

Temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex
Mainly right-lateralized
More active - when drop something, is something dangerous ? etc.

27
Q

Frontal eye fields coordinate

A

eye movements and shifts of gaze

28
Q

Direction of gaze from FEF to other visual areas modulates

A

level of activity

29
Q

Stimulus not present but attention directed to area

A

no activity in V4 (b/c no stimulus) fair amount of activity in FEF - in anticipation of a stimulus

30
Q

stimulate activity in FEF (via TMS) modulate activity

A

in area MT and FFA

31
Q

Spatial neglect/hemi neglect

A

A failure to acknowledge, explore, or respond to stimuli located on contralesional side of space

most of time due to damage in right hemisphere - exiperenced as Left hemi neglect

Typically expressed by ‘ignoring’ left side of objects - not incapable of noticing on left size - just not able to incorporate it

32
Q

Letter cancelation test

A

cancel out letter told to - only cross out A on one side - hemi neglect

33
Q

spatial neglect is not

A

a primary sensory (visual) or memory deficit per se
this can be seen when patient is asked to imagine a scene - only name things on R side from where standing

34
Q

spatial neglect can be modulated by

A

motivation

35
Q

Localization of neglect can look similar to ___ but not __

A

visual cortical lesions but not cortically blind

36
Q

Bálint’s syndrome

A

A profound disorder of visual attention with several parts: Simultagnosia, Optic ataxia, Ocular apraxia

37
Q

Simultagnosia

A

inability to perceive more than one object at a time during a single fixation

38
Q

Optic ataxia

A

misreaching for objects

39
Q

Ocular ataxia

A

disorganization of voluntary eye movements

40
Q

Localization of neglect lesion location

A

Lesions of control systems
- Inferior parietal, superior temporal areas (at junction of these two)

41
Q

can observe unilateral spatial neglect by

A

observing eye patterns
neglect patients show pattern of movement biased in the direction of the right visual field.

42
Q

patients with neglect __ copy an image and cannot ___ from memory

A

cannot copy and cannot draw from memory

43
Q

spatial neglect not only applies to sensory world but also

A

in remembering a scene

(ex. imagine looking at a building and then looking from the building)

44
Q

extinsion in spatial neglect is a __

A

failure to perceive or act on contralesional stimulus due to the presence of competing stimulus in ipsilateral hemifield (which prevents patient from detecting the contralesional stimulus)

45
Q

Neglect is __ while Balint is

A

unilateral lesion, bilateral lesion.

46
Q

extinsion in spatial neglect shows

A

that sensory inputs are competitive

47
Q

Late selection model

A

perceptual system processes all inputs than selection takes place

48
Q

early selection model

A

stimulus can be selected for further processing or thrown out as irrelevant for further processing

49
Q

selection model

A

mix of both early and late selection (attention involved in early selection and reflective (coattail party effect) in late selection)

50
Q

endogenous cuing

A

orientating of attention to the cue is voluntary and driven by goals (focus on dot)

51
Q

exogenous cuing

A

automatic capture of attention (flash of light)

52
Q

cost of attention

A

when something occurs at an unexpected location

53
Q

first big ERP wave

A

positive polarity - P1

54
Q

biased competition model for selective attention

A

different stimuli in a visual seen fall within the receptive field of a neuron, bottom up signals compete to control neuron firing, attention helps resolve competition

55
Q

the higher up in visual hierarchy the

A

greater chance for competition because visual fields are larger- thus a greater need for attention

56
Q

perigeniculate nucleus

A

proton of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) that surrounds the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
is large neuronal projections from here to V1 - TRN circuitry

57
Q

highly focused visual spatial attention can modulate

A

activity in the thalamus via the perigeneculate nucleus

58
Q

Attention involves either activating or inhibiting signal transmission from the __ to the ___ via the ___

descending neural signal from cortex or signal from subcortical inputs travel to __ that ___, and ____ information transmission form the __ to the ___

also the inputs can __

A

LGN to the visual cortex by the TRN circuitry

TRN neurons that excite TRN neurons and inhibit information transmission from the LGN to the visual cortex

inputs can suppress TRN neurons, increasing transmission from LGN to visual cortex

59
Q

Inhibition of return

A

IOR - so that we do not hyperfixate on one thing

60
Q

feature integration theory of attention

A

spatial attention must be directed to relevant stimuli in order to integrate features into a perceived object and it must be deployed in a serial manner for each item in the array - this is necessary to link the information in the different feature maps so that the target can be analyzed and identified
- for conjunction search

61
Q

conjunction search affects the __ wave in a similar way that __ does

A

P1, cued spatial attention does

(increases firing)

Cog Neuro 2 (8 decks)

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