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Cog Neuro 2 > Class 1 - Motor and Action 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 - Motor and Action 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acetocholine

A

Neurotransmitter important for pereferal motor activity two important receptors: Nicotenic, Muscrenic

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2
Q

Nicotenic Receptors are

A

Ionotropic

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3
Q

Muscuringic

A

binds to receptor, sends G protien to do other things inc. opening a seperate ion chanel

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4
Q

Cell bodies that generate acetroline pathways are in

A

ponds, midbrain, and baisal forbrain

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5
Q

Lots of acetocoline

A

maintains normal cortical excitability

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6
Q

Acetocholine when anestatised

A

decreased levels

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7
Q

Acetocholine is involved in

A

selective attention, motavation, reward

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8
Q

Acetocholine is active in

A

neuromuscular junction - where PNS stimilates activity

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9
Q

motor unit

A

where neurons (alfa) activates mussles (is both neuron and mussle fiber where it actavates)

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10
Q

motor units are medated by ____ and binds with ___

A

Acetocholine , Nicotenic receptors (in membrane of skelatal muscle)

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11
Q

opening of ion chanels in motor unit causes

A

mussle contraction

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12
Q

Reflux circiut

A

reflex - movments gnerated without cortical imput
alfa motor neurons - innnervate musles - recieve signal from spinal interneuron (in spinal cord)

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13
Q

two pathways where information from brain desends to spinal cord and out

A

lateral cortical spinal tract
medial tract

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14
Q

lateral cortical spinal tract

A
  • fine motor movement, more distal lymbs
    projects contralaterally
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15
Q

medial tract

A

walking, posture, standing, more procximal parts of lymbs and the trunk
is the extraperamital tracks
project not only contralaterally but also ipsolaterally

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16
Q

cerebellum

A

from video - “makes movements smooth”

“little brain” 3/4 of neurons of the brain 1/10 of the space - smaller neurons

imputs from all over the brain - visual, proceptrive, vestibular, somatosensory, autory

two hemispheres
prjects ipsolaterally

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17
Q

Functontal dividson of the cerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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18
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

balance, eye movement

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19
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

smooth control of movement, coordination in walking, running

Lateral regions control more distal muscles, more medial regions control more proximal muscles

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20
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

highly skilled movements (requiring sensorimotor learning)
writing and speaking

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21
Q

Basala gangla

A

group of nucil
though to select what canadate plan of action is vs other alternitives
impotant in initation of action

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22
Q

dopamean

A

recepter subtypes (main)
D1 - excitatory
D2 - inhibitory

three differnt pathways in which can act
- Nigrostriatal system
- others involved in reward learning + motivation
• Useful for producing actions that have rewarding consequences!

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23
Q

doubble inhibiton circult

A

lowers baceline level of activity
makes certine signal stand out (by disinhibiting it, or not inhibiting it)

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24
Q

Nigrostriatal system

A

housed in substantra nigra - wheere cell bodies for DA activirt is highjlighted/housed
primartly in control of movement

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25
Q

Basal gangla - orgnaization

A

organixation of different patheays
green- exitory
red - inhibitory

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26
Q

How basal gangla influence cortical activity

A

two wats
direct root
indirect root

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27
Q

direct root
Does:
activated by:
Pathway:
Cortical excitation:

A

facilate movement - alows for initation of movment
activated by D1 receptors
DOrsal striatum is activated - inhibits internal segment of globus palatas
inhibatory done by gabergernic
net level of higher cortical excitation

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28
Q

substantia nigra sends __

A

can send both excityory and inhibtory

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29
Q

globus palatas internal segment normaly

A

(GPi) inhibits the thalamus

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30
Q

Thalamus connections to the cortex are

A

excitatory

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31
Q

indirect root
does:
activated by:
pathway:
cortical excitation:

A

in generally, supressing unwanted movments
D2 receptors
Normaly dorsal straitum (actavation) is inhibiting external segment of the GP
and the GPe normaly inhibits the subthalamic nuclis (STN)
subthalmic nucleis activates GPi (which inhibits the thalamus)
net level of lower cortixal excitation

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32
Q

Supplementary motor cortex
areas:
does:

A

supplementary motor area, supplementary eye field, presupplementary motor area
help code motor plan

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33
Q

motor plan

A

representation of intended movement
general - what is goal of movement want to do
specific - muscular control needed

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34
Q

Information contained in motor plan

A
  • Which effectors to use
  • Which order to use them
  • Direction and force of individual effectors
  • Timing between movements
  • Commands for motor neurons
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35
Q

What are effectors

A

muscles, areas of body that move

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36
Q

most activity in SMA

A

is leading up to action

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37
Q

neuron in SMA sensitive to

A

order that things are done (Push pull vs pull push)

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38
Q

Pre SMA order

A

(order) does not matter
increased activity prior to third movement

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39
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Not only to doing action but to someone else doing that action.
can be specific or broad
- coding for intent of action (can fire even if not see)

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40
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex
where:
implicated in:

A

(ACC) above CC
implicated in motor activity, attention, and emotion

motor - more activity in control and planning of new (untrained) movements

selecting for movement among compeeting alternatives (clasic word vs color)

41
Q

Bimodal neurons in parietal cortex

A

proprioceptive, kinesthetic, somatosensory and visual info
- modulate receptive fields

42
Q

damage to parietal regions

A

(dorso-dorsal stream) causes optic ataxia

43
Q

optic ataxia

A

imparments to reach and grasp baised on visual information

44
Q

Primary Motor Cortex
Organization:
Mapping:

A

M1
Parts of body with fine motor control are bigger

Organized around specific body area for specific region
distortion of size of region compared to size on body

Mapping is upside down, more dorsal regions (lower parts of body) more ventral (face)

45
Q

cortical motor neurons synapse directly onto

A

alpha motor neurons (instead of onto spinal interneurons)

46
Q

cortical motor neurons more responsive to

A

fine control, precision (small changes) (vs power gripping)

47
Q

each motor neuron cell has ____ (movement preferences)

A

different preferences for movement

48
Q

direction vector

A

combine activity of motor neurons: summation of direction moving towards
Direction: cell’s preferred direction
Length: firing rate of cell at a given moment

49
Q

population vector

A

summation of direction vector

50
Q

D1 is

A

excitatory

51
Q

D2 is

A

inhibitory

52
Q

basal ganglia uses ___ and acts on ___

A

uses double inhibiton circuit
act on dopameane

53
Q

MPTP

A

A drug that is selectively toxic for DA cells

54
Q

(overview of) Motor pathways

A

Between the association areas and the spinal cord sit the primary motor cortex and brainsem strustures which, with the assistance of the cerabellum and the basal gangla, convert these patterns into commands to the muscless.

55
Q

alfa motor neurons

A
  • innnervate musles - recieve signal from spinal interneuron (in spinal cord)
56
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

part of properseptive system, important for sensing and regulating length of mussle fibers

57
Q

alfa Motor neurons originate in the

A

spinal cord
exit through the ventral root
terminate in muscle fibers

58
Q

alfa motor neurons recceive preferfy imput from

A

muscle spindles

59
Q

musle spindles axons enter dorsal root of spinal cord and synapse on

A

spinal internurons
that project to alfa motor neurons

60
Q

strech reflex

A

if unexpected strech, alfa motor neurons are activated, returnign to origonal state

61
Q

Extrapramidal tracts are a priamry sourse of

A

indirect control over spinal activry modulating posture, musle tone, and movement speed
recieve imput from subcortical and cortical structres

62
Q

ataxia(s) result from

A

damage to the cerabellum

63
Q

Basala gangla includes

A

caudate nucleus and putamen (both = stratum)
globus pallidus
subthamic nuclea STN
substantantia nigra

64
Q

Basala gangla imput is

A

restructed to mainly the two nucli forming the stratium

65
Q

Basala gangla output is

A

alsmost excultivly by way of the internal segment of the GP and part of the substantra nigra (SNr)

66
Q

Corticospinal tract is also known as

A

the pyramidal tract (and CST)

67
Q

Brodman area 4

A

M1

68
Q

M1 divisions

A

evolutonaraly older - rostal region
more resentyl evolved - caudal regon

69
Q

CST neurons that orgionate in the rostral region terminate on

A

spinal interneurons

70
Q

CST neurons that origonate in the caudal region terminate on

(are also called)

A

spinal interneurons or directly stimulate alfa motor neurons.

corticomoterneurons (or CM neurons)

71
Q

CM neurons include prominate projections to

A

mussles of the upper limbs and suport dexterous control of fingersand hands (inc. ability to manipulate tools)

72
Q

Distance between represntaions in M1 is closely related to

A

how often (two fingers) are used togehter

73
Q

CM neurons are preferntal active durring ___ comapired to ___

A

Pinch, power grip

74
Q

lesions in M1 primaraly result in

A

hemiplegia

75
Q

hemiplegia usally effects

A

most distal effectors (ex. fingers on hand

76
Q

reflexes absent immedatly affter a stroke often

A

return and oftern produce hyperactive or spacic reflexes

77
Q

Lateral and medial aspects of brodman area 6

A

premotor cortex (lateral) and suplementart moter (medial) cortex (SMA)

78
Q

disingwshemnt in premotrot cortex

A

ventral (cPMC) and dorsal (dPMC)

79
Q

somatosensory cortex provides a

A

representation of the body and how it is situated in space
critical info to move effectivly

80
Q

Paretal cortex provides

A

anatomical substrate for sensory guided actions

81
Q

SMA provides

A

stronger connections with medial frontal cortex, areas assocated with prefrences and goals
might help decide which object to choose or help plan a sequence of learned actions

82
Q

divisio of doral stream

A

dorsol dorsal and ventro-dorsal

83
Q

dorsal dorsal stream has a role in

A

reaching

84
Q

lesions in dorsal dorsal stream have

A

optic ataxia

85
Q

ventral dorsal stream has a role in

A

producing both transitive grestures (manitpulte object) and intranstivie gestures (singify intention, wave goodbye)

86
Q

Lesios in ventral dorsal stream have

A

apraxia

87
Q

apraxia

A

loss of praxis, or skilled action
affects motor planing, knowlege of which actions are possible with a given object.

88
Q

Insular corex and brocha’s area are involved in

A

production of speach movements

89
Q

frontal eye fieds are involved in

A

contreol of eye movements

90
Q

anterior cingulat corex is involved in

A

selestion and control of actions, evaluation the effort or cost requited to produce a movment.

91
Q

Activity of cells in M1 corrilates much bettwe with ___ than __

A

movement direction, target location

92
Q

Simmilar tuning (prefered direction) are found in cells in

A

premotor and paretical cortextes
also cerebellum and basal gangla

93
Q

___ is an excellent predictor of movement direction

A

population vectors

94
Q

Before movement is produced the population vector

A

shifts in the direction of the upcmoming movement
sugessting some cells are involved in movement planning

95
Q

SCn to the striatum is known as

A

the dopamine pathway

96
Q

GPi and SNr have __ baseline firing rates producing

A

high, strong tonic inhibition of the motor system by the inhibitory projection to the thalamus and superior coliculi

97
Q

basal gnaglia can act as a __ and play a critical role in the

A

gaitkeeper of cortical activity, initation of actions

98
Q

As a specitic motor plan gains strength the inhibitory signaling __

A

is decresed for selective neurons.

Cog Neuro 2 (8 decks)

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