Class 5 - Psychological States Flashcards
1
Q
Mental Disorder
A
A set of behavioral or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with social norms (class 3), and are severe enough to cause significant personal distress or impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning
2
Q
Today psychological disorders are…
A
Diagnosable, based on specific symptoms, and treatable, with various medications and/or therapies
3
Q
When is behavior considered disordered?
A
- disordered behavior is unusual
- disordered behavior is maladaptive
- disordered behavior is characterized by perceptual to cognitive dysfunction
- disordered behavior is labelled as abnormal by the society in which it occurs
4
Q
What is the difference between the biomedical and the bio psychosocial approach?
A
Biomedical - prescribes meds to treat physiological issues
Biopsychosocial - adds therapy to the mix
5
Q
3 Factors of Mental Illness
A
- Biological - neurochemistry, genetics, diet, physical trauma, drugs/substances
- Psychological - stress, environment, family, work, school, life experiences
- Sociocultural - cultural expectations, anomie
6
Q
High Yield DSM-5 Mental Disorders (Level 1 Disorders)
A
- Anxiety Disorders
- Depressive Disorders
- Bipolar and Related Disorders
- Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic Disorders
- Trauma - and stressor - related Disorders
- Personality Disorders
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Somatic Symptom Disorders
- Dissociative Disorders
7
Q
Lower Yield DSM-5 Mental Disorders (Level 2 Disorders)
A
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Neurocognitive Disorders
- Sleep-wake Disorders
- Substance-related Disorders
8
Q
Anxiety Disorders
A
Characterized by excessive fear or anxiety; avoidance behaviors; sympathetic activation in the absence of a threat; amygdala is too sensitive
9
Q
Phobias
A
Very specific fear of something; types of phobias include situational, natural environment, blood/injection/injury, and animal
ex. agoraphobia - fear of open spaces
10
Q
Panic Disorder
A
Includes panic attacks- mimics a heart attack (shortness of breath, pain, etc.); once you have one, you’re more likely to have more
11
Q
Social Anxiety Disorder
A
Fear/Anxiety around social situations
12
Q
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
Excessive anxiety without specific cause
13
Q
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
A
Behavioral techniques, exposure therapy, medication
14
Q
Systematic Desensitization
A
Put a person with social anxiety in a social situation and give themselves a way out, but hold out as long as they can; gradual exposure
15
Q
Flooding
A
Opposite of systematic desensitization; person puts themselves in a frightening situation where they cannot leave and have to stick it out
16
Q
Anxiety Medication
A
Benzodiazepines
17
Q
Depressive Disorders
A
Sad, empty, and/or irritable mood that is not related to normal grief
18
Q
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
A
Symptoms: depressed or irritable mood, fatigue/loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, impaired concentration, indecisiveness, insomnia or hypersonic, loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia), restlessness or feeling slowed down, recurring thoughts of death or suicide, and/or significant weight gain or weight loss
-Short-term (+/- 1 month)
19
Q
Treatment of MDD
A
Talk therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, may consider meds if the patient has a history of depression
20
Q
Common Anti-Depressant
A
SSRIs - Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors
-can be effective for stubborn depressions
21
Q
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
A
Different from Major Depressive Disorder in that it is chronic, but more mild than MDD; would have to have symptoms for 2+ years; often goes undiagnosed
22
Q
Monoamin Hypothesis
A
Predicts that the underlying pathopsychological basis of depression is the depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the CNS
23
Q
Bipolar Disorders
A
-Bridge between psychotic and depressive disorders - linked to the neurotransmitter dopamine
-involve episodes and oscillations (cycles) - depressive/manic episodes (manic-depressive disorder)
24
Q
Bipolar I Disorder
A
Most severe form of bipolar; has higher highs; may have hallucinations
25
Manic Phase
-high energy, high self esteem, racing thoughts, quick talking, impulsive, irritable
26
Bipolar II Disorder
Similar lows to Bipolar I, but the highs are not as high
27
Cyclothymic Disorder
Least severe form of bipolar disorder; go through periods of highs and lows (spend more time in the depressed phase), but still function in day-to-day life
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Depressed Phase
-low energy, low self esteem, lack of concentration, loss of interest, helplessness, suicidal thoughts
29
Treatment for Bipolar Disorders
Must be treated with drugs because it is biological, at least for I and II
-Mood stabilizing drugs treat the disorder, specifically Lithium
-Anti-depressants used in Cyclothymic because depressed phase is the bigger problem
30
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders
Characterized by delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech and thoughts, may involve negative symptoms, and involves a general detachment from objective reality
31
Hallucinations
See, hear, taste, touch, smell something that isn't there
-most common is seeing things and hearing voices
32
Delusions
Very illogical beliefs and magical thinking
33
Paranoid Delusions
Become suspicious of other people or think objects are watching them
34
Negative Symptom
Absence of normal patterns, disruptions in normal emotions and behaviors, person withdraws from the world
ex. -Flattened affect - you don't react to things, no facial expression
-Avolition - no will to do anything, no motivation
-reduced speech/interactions
35
Positive Symptoms
Psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people; Thinking or behavior that is added to the psyche of a person with schizophrenia
ex. hallucinations and delusions, disorganized speech or behavior
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Delusional Disorder
A lot of odd beliefs and thinking that doesn't make sense
ex. may not watch TV at a certain time because it hurts their neighbor
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
Isolated episodes of psychosis, not consistent; may include symptoms of Schizophrenia but it only happens a few times or inconsistently
38
Schizophreniform Disorder
Recurring episodes of psychosis; maybe several times of year
39
Schizophrenia
Person must have symptoms consistently for 6 months or more; chronic; excess dopamine production; there is a genetic component
40
Schizoaffective Disorder
When a person has schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or anxiety
41
Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Thought patterns that make it hard to lead a normal life and cause emotional distress; poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problems with working memory
42
Catatonic Behavior
Person is mentally unresponsive; person is moving very slowly or limply; considered a positive symptom
43
Catatonia
Regarded as a negative symptom; person does not respond to external stimuli, doesn't move at all or react (an inanimate state)
44
Biological Indicators of Schizophrenia
-Enlarged Ventricles
-Excess dopamine production
-genetic component
45
Treatment of Schizophrenia
-Must use drugs to treat since it is biological
-Dopamine antagonists = class of antipsychotic drugs prescribed to schizophrenic patients
46
Can schizophrenia be predicted?
Yes; patients designated as "at-risk" for developing schizophrenia are interviewed to speak for an hour on various narrative topics to look for logical gaps
-Trained psychologists can predict with 70-80% accuracy
-AI can predict with 100% accuracy
47
Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
Involve exposure to traumatic or stressful events and the person may exhibit a wide range of symptoms
48
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
People relive their traumatic experience and have vivid flashbacks to the event, making it difficult to function in day-to-day life
49
Acute Stress Disorder
Not having flashbacks to stressful event, but still have experienced a stressful or traumatic event; may go through rough period where it is hard to function in day-to-day life and it gets better
50
Adjustment Disorders
Any change in life, good or bad, causes a person to feel anxiety of depression because of the new change
ex. college graduation, marriage
51
Treatment of Trauma or Stress-related Disorders
Gradual exposure therapy, talk therapy, humanistic psychology (unconditional positive regard)
52
Personality Disorders
Enduring (often lifetime) patterns of inflexible behavior across a range of settings and relationships; can be diagnosed beginning in adolescence or early adulthood; high comorbidity
53
Comorbidity
Linked to other disorders
54
3 Clusters of Personality Disorders
(Weird, Wild, Worried) - in that order
Cluster A - (Odd/Eccentric): Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders
Cluster B - (Dramatic/Erratic): Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
Cluster C - (Anxious/Fearful): Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders
55
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Manifests the paranoid tendencies
-More mild than psychosis, person is paranoid and different from delusional disorder because people with this disorder are quick to believe others are out to get them and are very accusatory
56
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Manifests the social withdraw and flat affect
-Mostly the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and not as severe; loners and don't connect well with others
57
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Manifests odd behavior and distorted thinking and perception
-Mostly the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but not as severe; delusional and experience hallucinations, jump from topics, highly distractable
58
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Sociopathy, no regard for right or wrong or for others
-Don't think much of others or the feelings of others; good liars, can't be trusted; have no empathy; very cold, calculating, manipulative
59
Borderline Personality Disorder
Severe abandonment anxiety and emotional turbulence
-Fluctuations between quick ups and downs; Unstable emotions about a lot of different things; have severe abandonment anxiety; among the hardest patients to treat
60
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Overdramatic, attention seeking and emotional overreaction
-People who are always in need of attention and want to be the center of attention; do whatever they can for attention
61
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Inflated sense of self and lack of empathy
-Have a lot in common with antisocial personality - having no empathy; want to be praised for how great they are; feel much better than others; feel easily rivaled by competitors and don't want others to make them look bad; very dangerous
62
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Presents as extreme shyness and fear of rejection
-Can never get the person to socialize because they are afraid of being rejected because of their flaws
63
Dependent Personality Disorder
Presents as over-dependence on others to meet needs
-Needs someone to do something for them and have someone take care of their responsibilities
64
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Presents as a rigid concern with order and perfectionism
-Milder form of OCD that is projected outward; very controlling and get thrown off by others entering their territory; have a rigid sense of space; very micromanaging
65
Treatment of Cluster A Personality Disorders
Similar to schizophrenia, cognitive behavioral therapy, may need meds
66
Treatment of Cluster B Personality Disorders
Dialectic behavioral therapy - includes group therapy and one-on-one sessions
67
Treatment of Cluster C Personality Disorders
systematic desensitization
68
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)
Obsessions (thoughts or urges) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors); often intrusive thoughts and then act on it for relief, but the thoughts come back so the relief is only temporary
69
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
The body you see is not the body you believe you have; bulimia, anorexia, body building
70
Hoarding Disorder
Person is not able to get rid of garbage and/or attach value to objects; often are linked to personal loss; buying things because they're on sale; collecting garbage that they see on the street that are still "Good";
Freud would say this has to do with control
71
Trichotillomania
Hair-Pulling Disorder
72
Techniques for treatment of OCDs
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, exposure therapy (flooding or systematic desensitization)
73
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms; commonly encountered in primary care
74
Somatic Symptom Disorder (itself)
There is no medical or psychological explanation for a physical symptom
75
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Hypochondriac; fear of illness
76
Conversion Disorder
When you have repressed experiences or emotions that get converted into physical symptoms
ex. broken heart syndrome
77
Factitious Disorder
Munchausen's; You're convinced someone has a medical disorder, despite evidence suggesting otherwise; tries to falsify explanation because they believe they or someone else has some illness; can even happen by proxy
ex. Gypsie Rose Case
78
Dissociative Disorders
Disruptions and/or discontinuities in core identity; abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc.
79
Dissociative Amnesia
Person forgets their past; forgets people and events that are crucial to their identity; Plot of a lot of dramas
80
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple personality disorder; Person splits into different identities; believed to be brought on by trauma;
ex. Movie "Split"
81
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Person feels detached from themselves; Out of body experiences can be involved, where the person feels like they are watching themselves
82
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders
Talk therapy; humanistic "client-centered" approach
83
Anxiety Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Stress response without an immediate threat
Diagnoses: Social anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, phobias
84
Depressive Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Sad feelings with no known cause that don't go away
Diagnoses: Major depressive
85
Bipolar Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Oscillations between low and high moods
Diagnoses: Bipolar I, Bipolar II
86
Schizophrenia Spectrum (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Highly eccentric behaviors and beliefs
Diagnoses: Schizophrenia
87
Trauma-and-Stressor Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Generalized stress response due to earlier trauma
Diagnoses: PTSD
88
Personality Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Maladaptive, inflexible behavior patterns
Diagnoses: Cluster A, Cluster B, Cluster C (Weird, Wild, Worried)
89
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Uncontrollable obsessions or compulsions
Diagnoses: OCD
90
Somatic Symptom Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Distorted body perceptions
Diagnoses: Illness anxiety, somatic symptom
91
Dissociative Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell: Unstable or split identity
Diagnoses: Dissociative Identity
92
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Happen early in life during the developmental stage, usually before grade school; appear as deficits; generally difficult to treat; characterized by intellectual disability or communication disorders
-Autism and ADHD
93
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
-Unknown causes
-Affects 2-4% of school-aged children (heavily over-diagnosed)
-Motor restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity
94
Treatment of ADHD
Medication (ritalin, adderall), changing diet and lifestyle to encourage neuroplasticity, behavioral techniques (rewards)
95
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A range of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
Prevalence: experts estimate 1 out of 88 children age 8 will have an ASD; males are 4x more likely to have an ASD than females
96
Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder
-impaired social interaction: avoiding eye contact with other people, difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling; may lack empathy
-repetitive movements such as rocking and twirling, or self-abusive behaviors such as biting or head-banging
-Inability to play interactively with other children
97
Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Behavioral techniques (modeling techniques of normal children successfully is rewarded)
98
What therapy works best for children
behavioral techniques
99
Neurocognitive Disorders
Cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition;
-symptoms may interfere significantly with a person's everyday independence in a Major Neurocognitive Disorder, but not in a Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
ex. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's
100
Alzheimer's Disease
Destruction and death of nerve cells that cause memory failure. personality changes, problems carrying out daily activities and other symptoms; ability to form long-term memory in the hippocampus is what is first effected
101
Abnormal structures in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease:
-Amyloid plaques - clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells
-Neurofibrillary tangles - clumps of altered proteins inside cells
102
Ways to slow the progression of Alzheimer's
Mental stimulation (novel activities, doing math, studying a new language), drugs
103
Parkinson's Disease
Caused by abnormally low dopamine levels;
dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements;
Dopamine is involved in sending messages to areas of the brain that control coordination and movement;
Dopamine levels progressively drop in Parkinson's, so symptoms gradually become more severe;
Can be some dementia
104
Abnormalities in the brain associated with Parkinson's
Lewy bodies - abnormal aggregates of proteins inside neurons
Dopamine decline in the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia
105
Treatment for Parkinson's
Dopamine agonists, physical therapy
106
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Disturbance in quality, timing, and/or amount of sleep
ex. dyssomnias and parasomnias
107
Dyssomnias
Abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
ex. Narcolepsy, Insomnia, and Sleep Apnea
108
Insomnia
Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
109
Narcolepsy
Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during wake periods
110
Sleep Apnea
Intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings
111
Sleep Apnea
Intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings
112
Treatment for Insomnia
Sleep hygiene - experimenting with light; classical conditioning - making bed just for sleeping, eliminating screens from room; using melatonin; regulating diet (eliminating caffeine)
113
Treatment of Narcolepsy
Medication
114
Treatment of Sleep Apnea
CPAP machine
115
Parasomnias
abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
ex. sleep walking, night terrors
116
Somnambulism
Sleep walking;
-tends to occur during slow wave sleep (stage 3)
-usually happens during the first third of the night
-many children experience sleep-walking and eventually grow out of it
117
Night Terrors
Appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while asleep
-usually occur during stage 3 sleep (unlike nightmares which occur during REM sleep towards the morning)
118
Treatment of Sleep Walking
special sleep arrangements, special locks on door
119
Treatment of Night Terrors
special sleep arrangements
120
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
-Involves the brain's dopamine reward pathway
-drugs are separated into 10 classes
-tolerance and withdrawl
-can be physical and/or psychological
ex. Substance Use Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Caffeine-,Cannabis-, Hallucinogen-, etc.- Related Disorders, Gambling Disorder
121
Depressants (examples, mechanisms of action, effects)
Ex. - Alcohol, Barbiturates, Opiates
Action - Depresses central nervous system (especially fight or flight reflex)
Effects - Impaired motor control; organ failure from overdose
122
Stimulants (examples, mechanisms of action, effects)
Ex. - Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cocaine
Action - Increases availability and action of neurotransmitters
Effects - Sympathetic system activation; "rush" or "high" followed by a crash
123
Hallucinogens (examples, mechanisms of action, effects)
Ex. - LSD, Marijuana (THC)
Action - Distorts perceptions
Effects - Hallucinations (lights, colors, etc.); impaired judgement, slowed reaction time
124
How do psychoactive drugs work?
They work by altering the actions of the neuronal synapse. They may enhance, suppress, or mimic the activity of neurotransmitters
125
Dependence
Develops when a person needs to use a drug in order to function normally
126
Tolerance
Occurs when an individual must use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect
127
Withdrawal
Describes the group of symptoms that occur when a person who has formed a dependence to a drug suddenly discontinues or decreases use of that drug. Withdrawal is drug-specific and dose-dependent
128
Addiction
Defined as compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences, and an inability to stop using a drug
129
Top five prevalent disorders
1. Anxiety
2. Depression
3. Alcohol use disorders
4. Drug use disorders
5. Bipolar disorder
130
Neurodevelopmental Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell - Developmental delays, manifesting as deficits
Diagnoses - Autism spectrum, ADHD
131
Neurocognitive Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell - Late-onset cognitive deficits affecting mental functioning
Diagnoses - Alzheimer's, Parkinson's
132
Sleep-Wake Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell - Abnormal sleep patterns
Diagnoses - Insomnia, Narcolepsy
133
Substance-Related Disorders (In a nutshell and specific diagnoses)
Nutshell - Addictive symptoms often related to drug use, also addictive behaviors
Diagnoses - Alcoholism, Gambling Disorder
134
Consciousness
The awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal state, and the environment;
Important for reflection and it directs our attention;
Always needed to complete novel and complex tasks, however, we may complete practiced and simple tasks with little conscious awareness
135
States of Consciousness
Alertness/Arousal (being awake) and Sleep
136
What controls alertness and arousal in the brain?
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
137
4 Brain Wave Patterns
1. Alpha. 2. Beta, 3. Theta, 4. Delta
138
Alpha Waves (Frequency and Characteristics)
Freq. - 8Hz - 12Hz
Characteristics - Associated with relaxed, normal consciousness
139
Beta Waves (Frequency and Characteristics)
Freq. - 12.5Hz - 30Hz (biggest waves)
Characteristics - Higher frequency than alpha, more alert consciousness
140
Theta Waves (Frequency and Characteristics)
Freq. - 3Hz - 7Hz
Characteristics - Seen in young children, meditative states, and stage 1 sleep
141
Delta Waves (Frequency and Characteristics)
Freq. - 0.5Hz - 3Hz
Characteristics - Occurs during slow wave sleep
142
Circadian Rhythms
Control the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24-hour cycle
143
What are the 3 physiological indicators of a mammal's circadian rhythm?
1. Melatonin released by the pineal gland
2. Body temp.
3. Serum cortisol levels
144
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
In the hypothalamus, it regulates sleep, melatonin production by the pineal gland, and body temperature. The daily pattern of cortisol production by the adrenal cortex is influenced by several interacting systems, only one of which is the master clock - the SCN
145
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measures brain wave activity
146
Electrooculogram (ROG)
Measures eye movement in sleep
147
Electromyography (EMG)
Measures muscle response
148
NREM1 (EEG, EOG, EMG, Characteristics)
EEG - Theta Waves
EOG - Slow, rolling eye movements
EMG - Moderate activity
Characteristics - Fleeting thoughts; non-REM sleep
149
NREM2 (EEG, EOG, EMG, Characteristics)
EEG - TWO PATTERNS: K-complexes and sleep spindles
EOG - No eye movement
EMG - Moderate Activity
Characteristics - Increased Relaxation; decreased temp., heart rate and respiration
150
NREM3 (EEG, EOG, EMG, Characteristics)
EEG - Delta Waves
EOG - No eye movement
EMG - Moderate activity
Characteristics - Heart and digestion slow; growth hormones secreted; deepest level of sleep
151
REM (EEG, EOG, EMG, Characteristics)
EEG - similar to beta waves
EOG - bursts of quick eye movements
EMG - Almost no activity ("paradoxical sleep")
Characteristics - When dreams occur
152
When do sleep stages occur?
Deeper sleep earlier in the night, more time in REM as the night goes on
153
Hypnosis
A state of consciousness in which attention is more focused and peripheral awareness is reduced;
Some studies demonstrate more low-frequency waves and fewer high-frequency waves;
Other studies demonstrate a decrease in left-hemisphere activity and an increase in right-hemisphere activity
154
Meditation
A practice in which an individual induces a mode of consciousness for some purpose;
Studies suggest it can be a helpful way to reduce stress;
A study found there appears to be an increase in left frontal lobe activity (an area more active in optimistic people);
Linked to improved concentration, lowered blood pressure, and better immune function;
Lower frequency alpha waves and theta waves;
Many brain areas appear to be altered, particularly in the left hemisphere, in people who have practiced for a long time
