Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT PSYCH/SOC > Class 2 - Social Structures and Interaction > Flashcards

Class 2 - Social Structures and Interaction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Experimental Designs

A

Directly manipulates variables
-Random Sampling
-Random Assignment
-Control of extraneous variables
-Manipulation of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Something not being tested that can effect the outcome of the experiment
ex.) time of year, color of uniforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-Experimental Designs

A

Variables are not directly manipulated
-Ethnographic Studies
-Twin Studies, Heritable studies
-Archival Studies, Biographical Studies
-Phenomenological Studies
-Observational studies
-Case studies
-Longitudinal Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ethnographic Study

A

The researcher immerses themselves in the community to observe something; cultural immersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Archival Study

A

Use records and research from the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biographical Study

A

Interviewing people or using records from the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phenomenological Study

A

A study that looks at a certain phenomenon
ex. impact of quarantine or schooling from home on children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Observational Study

A

The researcher does not make themselves known or intervene, but observes something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Case Study

A

Looking at one or two individuals, or one individual at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Long-term study over years or decades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Between Subjects experimental design

A

Comparing different individuals or groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Within Subjects experimental design

A

Multiple measures of the same individuals to groups; comparison within a group
ex. cortisol levels on a group that watched a horror movie at different times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Quantitative experimental design

A

Provides numerical results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Qualitative experimental design

A

Provides descriptive information
ex. what people say or write

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mixed Methods experimental design

A

Using between and within subjects design; Using qualitative and quantitative methods; Using several methods to see differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Repeated Measures

A

Measuring something specific repeatedly over time
ex. within subjects design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Quasi-Experimental Method

A

There is no control group; usually just one group at different time points, possibly having multiple measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Comparative Method

A

Looking at existing groups/studies; groups cannot be created
ex. smokers vs non-smokers (can’t make people smokers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Internal Validity

A

Can conclude to a degree that the independent variable is responsible for the outcome;
extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention
ex. continue testing people and keep seeing same results = high internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

5 Common Threats to Internal Validity

A
  1. Impression Management
  2. Confounding Variables
  3. Lack of Reliability
  4. Sampling Bias
  5. Attrition Effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Impression Management

A

Participants of an experiment adapt their responses based on social norms or perceived researcher expectations; self-fulfilling prophecy; methodology is not double blind; Hawthorne effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Extraneous variables not accounted for in the study; another variable offers an alternative explanation for results; lack of a useful control
ex. age, gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lack of Reliability

A

Construct validity; measurement tools do not actually measure what they proper to measure; lack consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Selection criteria is NOT random;
Population used for sample does not meet conditions for statistical test
Population is not normally distributed/ NOT randomly sampled
ex. Stanford Prison Study - people were volunteers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Attrition Effects

A

Participants drop out of study;
Participant fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

People know they’re being watched and will alter behavior because of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Construct Validity

A

Whether the thing you’re proportion to measure is actually measuring that thing
ex. measuring depression with a survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

External Validity

A

AKA Experimental Generalizability
Extent to which the findings can be generalized in the real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

4 Common Threats to External Validity

A
  1. Experiment doesn’t reflect real world
  2. Selection Criteria
  3. Situational Effects
  4. Lack of statistical power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Experiment doesn’t reflect real world

A

Laboratory setups don’t translate into the real world;
lack of experimental generalizability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Selection Criteria

A

too restrictive in inclusion/exclusion criteria for participants;
sample is not representative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Situational Effects

A

Presence of laboratory conditions changes outcome
ex. pre- and post-test, presence of experimenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lack of Statistical Power

A

sample groups have high variability or the sample size is too small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Validity vs Reliability

A

Reliability - How repeatable something is; how much it can be trusted
Validity- Measuring the thing you say it’s measuring; How correct it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency, repeatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Validity

A

Does it measure what it claims to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Beck Depression Inventory

A

-One of the most common instruments used to measure depression
-Highly reliable- taking it twice will give similar score
-Highly valid- a high score indicates the person likely has depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Social Institutions

A

Standardized set of social norms organized to preserve a societal value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

5 Core Social Institutions

A
  1. Family
  2. Education
  3. Government, Economy, and Politics
  4. Religion
  5. Health/Medicine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Stability of social institutions helps prevent what?

A

Anomie - occurs when societal values do not adequately guide the individual or group behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Education as a social institution

A

a formal process whereby knowledge, skills, and values are systemically transferred from one individual or group to another
-provides mass literacy and more opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

Unintentional lessons about norms, values, and beliefs
-Things taught by example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Ways education promotes equality

A

-avg years of schooling and income inequality have a neg. correlation
-more education associated with less inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Ways education promotes inequality

A

-Hidden curriculum
-Teacher expectancy
-Educational Stratification
-Educational Segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

Teachers’ expectations shape the students’ behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Educational Stratification

A

Ranking students based on their level of academic achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Educational Segregation

A

When education is different depending on the neighborhood based on the wealth in the neighborhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Family as a social institution

A

relates individuals by a socially-defined set of relationships like birth, adoption, and/or marriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which sociological theory best explains the usefulness of family to society?

A

Functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Religion as a social institution

A

involves beliefs and practices related to the sacred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How would functionalism and conflict theory differ in their study of religion?

A

Functionalism - helps people come together, get along, and find purpose, which makes people more likely to help society

Conflict theory - religion is a way of gaining power and control

52
Q

Government as a social institution

A

Makes and enforces the rules of society and regulates relations with other societies

53
Q

Economy as a social institution

A

arranges the production, distribution, and consumption of goods, services, and resources

54
Q

Oligarchy

A

Government by a small group of people with power that are usually not elected

55
Q

Ideal Bureaucracy

A

-Developed by Max Weber
-5 Characteristics

56
Q

5 Characteristics of an Ideal Bureaucracy

A
  1. Hierarchical structure
  2. Neutrality/Impersonality
  3. Officials hired and promoted on technical competence (meritocracy)
  4. Written rules and expectations
  5. Division of labor
57
Q

Meritocracy

A

Higher social mobility; social status determined by individual effort; more dependent on effort; rewarded based on effort

58
Q

McDonaldization

A

Trends toward efficiency; refers to the principle in the fast-food industry dominating other sectors of society

59
Q

Medicalization as a social construct

A

Making something into a condition or disease when it may not have been one previously or in other cultures
ex. ADHD, depression

60
Q

The process of medicalization can be driven by:

A

-new information or discoveries regarding conditions
-changing social attitudes or economic considerations
-the development of new medications or treatments

61
Q

Sick Role

A

A theory that individuals who are ill have certain rights and responsibilities in society; if an ill individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can, society allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior

62
Q

Rights and responsibilities of ill individuals

A

-Right: the sick person is exempt from normal social roles
-Right: The sick individual is not responsible for their condition
-Obligation: The sick person should try to get well
-Obligation: The sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the medical professional

63
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

The institution or social structure as a whole engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or group
ex. redlining

64
Q

Redlining

A

Neighborhoods were kept to certain races or ethnicities by preventing people from renting or buying in an area

65
Q

Availability

A

Whether the resource itself actually exists
ex. are there enough emergency rooms

66
Q

Accessibility

A

Can everyone access the resource and use the resource

67
Q

Accessibility or Availability problem? Patient is seeking a lung transplant and is put on a long waiting list due to a lack of donors

A

Availability

68
Q

Accessibility or Availability problem? A patient has metal (non-titanium) screws in her leg and is unable to have an MRI, even though this scan would be the most effective for her

A

Accessibility

69
Q

Accessibility or Availability problem? A bariatric patient recently became unemployed, and he cannot afford the specialized diet his physician recommends. He also does not drive and there are no supermarkets within 5 miles of his home.

A

Both

70
Q

Accessibility or Availability problem? Patients with mental health disorders may not seek professional services due to the stigma of shame around their illness.

A

Accessibility
-experience a cultural barrier

71
Q

Social epidemiology

A

The study of social determinants of health and the use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population

72
Q

Social Condition

A

Social determinants of health, such as availability of food supplies, drug use, access to quality education, unemployment, crime rates, and access to healthcare

73
Q

Favorable conditional factors

A

good social conditions that improve the overall quality of life
ex. health food stores, more walking paths, more police presence, more parks

74
Q

Social problems

A

bad social conditions with a negative impact
ex. drug use, high crime rates

75
Q

Social isolation

A

the complete or near-complete lack of contact with others in society

76
Q

Socioeconomic Gradient in Health

A

The higher the SES, the higher the health income. Positive correlation between higher socioeconomic status and better health outcome

77
Q

Major Demographic Factors in Society:

A

-Immigration status
-Age
-Race
-Ethnicity
-Sex
-Gender

78
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

Idea that unchecked population growth would lead to carrying capacity, and overpopulation would lead to catastrophe
ex. many third world countries

79
Q

Demographic Transition Theory

A

Societies transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates
ex. mostly industrialized countries

80
Q

Pre-Industrial Stage on population:

A

high birth rate, high death rate

81
Q

Industrial Revolution on population:

A

high birth rate, but death rate falls, leading to population growth

82
Q

Post-Industrial Stage on po-population:

A

low birth rates and low death rates; population stabilizes

83
Q

Sex

A

Biological

84
Q

Gender

A

Social construct

85
Q

Race

A

Dividing people into populations or groups based on common physical traits
ex. skin color, face shape

86
Q

Ethnicity

A

A population whose members identify with one another based on cultural similarities or nationality
ex. language, food, religion

87
Q

Urbanization

A

The tendency for more people to be living in urban environments

88
Q

Globalization

A

Anything, good or bad, that is spread around the world or community

89
Q

Gentrification

A

Wealthy people move to an area and drive up the cost of things and make the area more expensive to live in
ex. Brooklyn, NYC

90
Q

Moderating Variable

A

Diminishes the impact something would have; moderates the impact and keeps it from going to an extreme

91
Q

Mediating Variable

A

Gets in between things, acts as a mediator; doesn’t necessarily prevent extremes

92
Q

Residential Segregation

A

Physical separation of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status
ex. Chicago

93
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

Low socioeconomic status and minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionally high

94
Q

Food Desert

A

Places where fresh food is difficult to obtain; typically in highly populated, lower-income urban environments

95
Q

Prejudice

A

involves preconceived judgements towards people based on their group membership; Prejudice is a BELIEF not a behavior

96
Q

Discrimination

A

biased treatment of an individual based on their group membership; Discrimination involves BEHAVIOR

97
Q

Social Segregation

A

Tendency of people from the same social group to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups; can be voluntary or involuntary

98
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

The social class or standing of an individual or group

99
Q

How is SES often measured? (3)

A

Measured was a combination of education, income, and occupation

100
Q

3 Ps that define SES:

A
  1. Prestige - one’s reputation and social standing
  2. Power - ability to enforce one’s will on another
  3. Property - possessions, income, and other wealth
101
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Inability to secure basic necessities of life; don’t have bare minimum

102
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a society

103
Q

Caste System

A

No social mobility; based on what class you’re born into; less dependent on effort

104
Q

Class System

A

Some degree of social mobility; social status determined by combination of birth and merit

105
Q

Social Reproduction

A

Tendency for inequality to get passed from one generation to the next

106
Q

Vertical Mobility

A

Moving upward or downward in a class

107
Q

Horizontal Mobility

A

Have options for mobility at the same level

108
Q

Intergenerational Mobility

A

Mobility from one generation to the next

109
Q

Structural Mobility

A

Mobility within an organization

110
Q

Social Mobility determined by (3):

A

Physical Capital - money, property, land, and other physical assets
Social Capital - who you know, social networks
Cultural Capital - non-financial attributes evaluated by society; age, gender, education, race, ethnicity, language

111
Q

Master Status

A

the role or position that dominates; this tends to determine your general “place” in society
ex. Doctor, mother, wife

112
Q

Ascribed Status

A

A status/role assigned to you by society regardless of effort
ex. being a woman, age, race

113
Q

Achieved Status

A

A status/role that is earned; can overlap

114
Q

Status

A

A socially defined position in society

115
Q

Role Conflict

A

Occurs when there is conflict among the expectations for multiple social positions
ex. doctor, parent, and spouse

116
Q

Role Strain

A

Occurs when there is tension in the expectations of a single social position
ex. like what you’re studying but also like to go out

117
Q

Role Exit

A

The transition from one role to another

118
Q

Group

A

A number of people (as few as two) who identify and interact

119
Q

Aggregate

A

People who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact with each other

120
Q

Category

A

Shares certain characteristics, but do not interact

121
Q

Primary Group

A

Usually smaller; have close, personal relationships that are typically long term and focus on the relationship itself
ex. family, spouse, close friends

122
Q

Secondary Group

A

Usually larger; impersonal and goal oriented relationships where people usually interact on a less personal level; typically short term relationships that set out to accomplish a specific goal
ex. co-workers, classmates, teammates

123
Q

In-Group

A

Any group a person belongs to or identifies with

124
Q

Out-Group

A

Any group a person does not belong to or identify with

125
Q

Reference Group

A

Any group that one identifies with and compares themselves to; they may or may not actually be a member of this group

MCAT PSYCH/SOC (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions