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MCAT PSYCH/SOC > Class 3 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Class 3 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Impression Management

A

AKA self-presentation;
the process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others

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2
Q

Dramaturgical Perspective

A

We imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others; we base our self-presentation on cultural values, norms, and expectations to present an acceptable self

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3
Q

Back Stage

A

When we’re alone, we can let our guard down and act like ourselves

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4
Q

Front Stage

A

When we’re with others and craft the way we come off to others

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5
Q

Self-Concept

A

AKA self-identity, self-construction, and self-perspective;
includes all of your beliefs about who you are as an individual

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6
Q

Self-Concept consists of:

A

Your social-self and your personal-self

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7
Q

Cultural Characteristics (acronym+ what they are)

A

ADDRESSING
-Age
-Disabilities (developmental)
-Disabilities (acquired)
-Religion
-Ethnicity/Race
-Sexual Orientation
-Socioeconomic Status
-Indigenous Background
-National Origin
-Gender

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8
Q

Self-Schemas

A

More general beliefs and ideas you have about yourself; they guide and organize the processing of info. that is relevant to you

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9
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

More specific; how good you think you are at doing something

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10
Q

High Self-Efficacy

A

You believe you are good at something

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11
Q

Low Self-Efficacy

A

You believe you are bad at something

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12
Q

Locus of Control

A

Whether you think you have control over what happens to you

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13
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

You believe you have control over certain events

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14
Q

External Locus of Control

A

You do not believe you have control ver certain events and blame others

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15
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Occurs when an individual has low self-efficacy and an external locus of control

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16
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Experimented with dogs to establish the idea of learned helplessness; had an escape group and a non-escape group, which eventually just accepted the shocks

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17
Q

Aversive Control

A

Occurs when behavior is motivated by the reality or threat of something unpleasant happening

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18
Q

Escape Behavior

A

Termination of an unpredicted, unpleasant stimulus that has already occurred
ex. running away, hiring a lawyer

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19
Q

Avoidance Behavior

A

Avoidance of a predictable, unpleasant stimulus before it is initiated
ex. obeying the rules

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20
Q

Self-Schema VS Self-Esteem VS Self-Efficacy VS Locus of Control

A

Self-Schema - beliefs about the self
Self-Esteem - beliefs about one’s self worth
Self-Efficacy - Beliefs in one’s competence
Locus of Control - beliefs about having or lacking control

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21
Q

Bobo Doll

A

Experiment by Bandura;
Children learn aggression towards doll; social learning theory

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22
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

AKA observational learning
Learning takes place in social contexts and can occur through observation

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23
Q

Reference Groups

A

Groups that you find similar and base your behavior on and take cues from

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24
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

We all have a drive to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others and our identities will be shaped by these comparisons and the types of reference groups we have

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25
Q

Perspective-Taking or Role-Taking

A

The ability to understand the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view

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26
Q

Moral Identity Theorist

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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27
Q

Moral Identity

A

The degree to which being a moral person is important to a person’s identity

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28
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development:

A
  1. Preconventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Post-conventional
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29
Q

Preconventional Stage level/age

A

-young children and children

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30
Q

Preconventional Stage and why rules are obeyed

A
  1. Punishment and obedience - rules are obeyed to avoid punishment
  2. Self-Interest - rules are obeyed for personal gain
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31
Q

Conventional Stage level/age

A

most adolescents and adults

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32
Q

Conventional Stage and why rules are obeyed

A
  1. Conformity and Interpersonal Accord - Rules are obeyed for approval
  2. Authority and Social Order - Rules are obeyed to maintain social order
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33
Q

Post-Conventional level/age

A

estimated only 15% of the adult population

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34
Q

Post-Conventional Stage and why rules are obeyed

A
  1. Social Contract - Impartial rules are obeyed; rules that infringe on the rights of others are challenged
  2. Universal Principles - Individual establishes own set of rules in accordance with personal ethical principles
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35
Q

Social Facilitation

A

The tendency of well-practiced/ well-learned behaviors to be performed better around others
ex. A surgical resident that’s good at a technique will preform better when watched

36
Q

Social Facilitation Effect

A

Tendency of performance to improve for simple, well-integrated tasks; tends not to occur for new, complex tasks

37
Q

Deindividuation

A

In situations where there is a high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility, we may lose our sense of restraint and identity, thereby aligning our behavior with the group
ex. mob mentality

38
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Most people are less likely to help a victim when other people are present

39
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

The tendency that the larger the group, the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility

40
Q

Kitty Genovese Case

A

Initiated research into the bystander effect; Kitty was attacked and stabbed and although neighbors heard her screams and saw the attack, most did nothing

41
Q

Social Loafing

A

When people work in a group, each person os likely to ever less individual effort than if they were working independently

42
Q

Peer Pressure

A

Refers to situations in which individuals feel directly or indirectly pressured to change their behavior to match that of their peers

43
Q

Peer Groups

A

Social groups whose members are close in age and share similar interests; typically most influential during childhood and adolescence

44
Q

Groupthink

A

When desire to achieve harmony and reach a consensus decision causes groups to not critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision making
ex. jury

45
Q

Group Polarization

A

When group agreement causes the preexisting views of group members to intensify- that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated, or moves towards one pole; NOT when a group becomes divided on an issue

46
Q

Social Facilitation (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Performing a task in front of other people

Effect - Performance (1) improves for simple tasks and (2) gets worse for complex tasks

47
Q

Deindividuation (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Large group participating in an arousing activity

Effect - Loss of individual identity; development of “mob mentality”

48
Q

Bystander Effect (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Someone needs help

Effect - If many others are present, everyone is less likely to help

49
Q

Social Loafing (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Group working together to complete a task

Effect - Individuals put in less effort than they would if they were working alone

50
Q

Peer Pressure (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Presence of peers

Effect - Individuals feel pressured to conform to peer group (can be pos. or neg.)

51
Q

Groupthink (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Group needs to reach a consensus

Effect - Decision making can be more irrational and dysfunctional

52
Q

Group Polarization (Social Situation and Effect on Behavior)

A

Soc. Sit. - Group that agrees on a topic discusses it together

Effect - The belief of the group becomes more extreme

53
Q

Conformity

A

When individuals adjust their behaviors or thinking based on the behaviors or thinking of others

54
Q

Conformity Theorist

A

Solomon Asch

55
Q

Solomon Asch Conformity Experiment

A

-Subjects were asked to determine which line was similar to a comparison line, first alone, then in a group of confederates
-Confederates purposely answered wrong and over 33% of subjects conformed

56
Q

Obedience

A

When individuals yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure

57
Q

Obedience Theorist

A

Stanley Milgrim

58
Q

Stanley Milgrim’s Obedience Experiments:

A

-The subject believes the roles of “learner” and “teacher” are determined randomly
-Experimenter orders teacher to shock the learner (a confederate) when wrong
-Teacher believes the learner is really being shocked, but it’s just pre-recorded sounds
-65% of teachers continue to administer shocks to the highest level

59
Q

Attribution Theory

A

We attribute behavior to internal causes (dispositional attribution) and external causes (situational attribution)

60
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

When we attribute another person’s behavior to their personality
ex. Dr makes patient wait, so patient thinks Dr is a jerk

61
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

When we attribute our own actions to the situation
ex. Waiting to see Dr and get mad, thinking you have good reason to be angry

62
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

When we attribute our successes to ourselves, but our failures to others
ex. you did good on MCAT, feel like you worked hard and deserved it
ex. you did bad on MCAT, feel like teacher didn’t prep you well

63
Q

Optimism Bias

A

When we believe bad things happen to other people but not to ourselves
ex. You need health insurance but put it off because you think you have low risk for illness/injury

64
Q

Just World Bias

A

When we believe that bad things happen to others because of their own action or inaction
ex. Someone gets into accident but doesn’t have insurance to cover bill, you think that’s their fault for not having insurance

65
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief in the superiority of one’s group or culture over another

66
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error - Good Behavior, In and Out Groups

A

Good Behavior, In-Group Member- Result of person’s character (internal attribution)

Good Behavior, Out-Group Member- Uncommon circumstances or exception to rule (external attribution)

67
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error - Bad Behavior, In and Out Groups

A

Bad Behavior, In-Group Member - Believed to be rare or an exception to the rule (external attribution)

Bad Behavior, Out-Group Member- Flaw in that person’s character or personality (internal attribution)

68
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

Occurs when an individual unknowingly and unintentionally causes something to happen, due to the fact that the individual expects it to happen, or when an individual confirms a stereotype about themselves

69
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

When people are in situations where they are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their own group

70
Q

Stereotype Boost/ Stereotype Lift

A

Occurs when people perform better that they otherwise would have, because of exposure to positive stereotypes about their social group

71
Q

Persuasion and the key elements

A

A powerful way to influence what others think and do
-3 Key Elements:
1. Message Characteristics - features of the message itself
2. Source Characteristics - characteristics of speaker or venue
3. Target Characteristics - characteristics of person receiving the messege

72
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Proposes two cognitive routes of persuasion:
1. Central Route
2. Peripheral Route

73
Q

Central Route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

People are persuaded by the content of the argument itself

74
Q

Peripheral Route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

People focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the speaker, such as attractiveness of speaker, length of speech

75
Q

Foot-in-the-door Technique

A

Involves asking for a small request first, then a much larger request next; after an individual complies with a small request, they are more likely to then comply with a larger second request

76
Q

Door-in-the-face Technique

A

Involves asking for a large request first, then a much smaller request; An individual who has first shot down a large request is more likely to comply with a much smaller second request

77
Q

Low-Ball Technique

A

Involves getting someone to agree to something at a low cost (can be monetary, time commitment, etc.), then increasing the cost

78
Q

Integration Technique

A

Involves gaining compliance by gaining personal approval from an individual first

79
Q

Interaction and Development

A

Humans are social creatures by nature; our development and behavior is shaped by our interactions with others; interaction is essential for development

80
Q

Harlow Monkey Experiment

A

Prompted by the observation that when isolated monkeys were separated from their blankets, they became distressed
-Two surrogate mothers - one wire mother with food, one cloth mother without food
-Monkeys strongly preferred cloth mothers
-Disproved belief that babies form attachments with mothers because of food

81
Q

Mary Ainsworth “Strange Situations” Experiment

A

Mothers would temporarily leave their toddlers in a play room with an unfamiliar person
-Toddlers demonstrated different attachment styles

82
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Toddlers happily explored their surroundings with mom present; cry when she leaves, but are quickly consoled upon her return
-securely attached toddlers have sensitive and responsive caregivers

83
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

Toddlers demonstrate several profiles (Ambivalent, Avoidant, and Disorganized)
-Insecurely attached toddlers have insensitive and inconsistently responsive caregivers

84
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A

When the mother leaves, the toddler cries loudly and remains upset even after her return; some toddlers are inconsolable and even hit their moms

85
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Toddler demonstrates seeming indifference to their mother’s departure and return, but physiological data shows that they are still experiencing stress

86
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

Toddler cannot predict the mother’s behavior, which can include frightening gestures, abuse, and neglect; often a combination of Ambivalent and Avoidant

MCAT PSYCH/SOC (7 decks)

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