Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personal Endo > Class 4 Pancreas > Flashcards

Class 4 Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 substances does the pancreas secrete? and what do they regulate?

A
  • Insulin and glucagon

- Glucose, lipid and protein metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the acini do?

A

-Secrete digestive juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the islet of Langerhans?

A

-Region of pancreas that contain endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are part of the islet of Langerhans?*****

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Delta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cells secretes glucagon? *****

A

-Alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beta cells secrete what?*****

A

-Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Delta cells secrete what?*****

A
  • Somatostatin

- Pancreatic polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is insulin?

A

-Hormone associated with energy abundance and storage of excess energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does insulin do to carbs?

A

-Stores them as glycogen in muscle and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does insulin do to fat?

A

-Stores them in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to excess carbs that cannot be converted to glycogen?

A

-Converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Insulin promotes ______ of amino acids and conversion to ______.

A
  • Uptake

- Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Insulin is stimulated by what 7 things?*****

A
  • Amino Acids
  • Acetylcholine
  • Beta keto acids
  • High blood sugar
  • Glucagon
  • insulin resistance
  • Sulfonylurea drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Insulin is inhibited by what 4 things?*****

A
  • Low blood glucose
  • Fasting
  • Catecholamines**
  • Somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neurons***** in the _____ are permeable to glucose and do not require _______.

A
  • Brain

- Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Insulin facilitates entry of glucose into the cell EXCEPT in what 4 areas?

A
  • Brain****
  • Kidney tubules
  • Intestinal mucosa
  • RBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does insulin effect the liver?

A
  • Increase hepatic uptake of glucose
  • Increase lipogensis
  • Increase protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does insulin effect fat?

A
  • Increase fat synthesis and storage

- Inhibits fat breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What effects does glucagon have?

A
  • Opposite of insulin

- Increase blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insulin is an ________ hormone, while glucose is a _______ hormone

A
  • Anabolic

- Catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What stimulates glucagon release?*****

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Amino acids
  • Beta adrenergic stimulation
  • Exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What inhibits glucagon*****

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Somatostatin
  • high glucose
  • insulin***
  • ketones
23
Q

The anabolic phase (postprandial) is mediated by what? When does it begin? and when does it peak?

A
  • Insulin
  • Insulin release begins at 100
  • Peaks at 400-600
24
Q

Catabolic phase (fasting) is mediated by what?

A

-Glucagon

25
Q

during fasting phase, glucagon breaks down what? to form what?

A
  • glycogen
  • protein
  • triglycerides
  • Forms = Glucose and ketones
26
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

-Impaired metabolism of carbs, fat and protein

27
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?****

A
  • Type 1 = lack of insulin

- Type 2 = decreased sensitivity of tissue to insulin effects

28
Q

Glucose is reabsorbed by the kidney until about ______? After that the kidney is overwhelmed and leads to what

A
  • 180
  • Diuresis
  • Loss of Na and K
  • Glucosuria
  • hypovolemic hypotension
  • Dehydration
  • Poly: uria,dipsia.phagia
29
Q

Low insulin leads to ______ catabolism, increased ______ catabolism and release of what?

A
  • Muscle
  • Fat
  • Keto acids
30
Q

Acute symptoms of diabetes are the 3 P’s?**** and 2 other problems?

A
  • Polyuria = osmotic diuresis****
  • Polydipsia = Volume depletion
  • Polyphagia = protein catabolism
  • CNS irritability/confusion
  • Visual disturbances
31
Q

What are the chronic symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • decreased ability to fight infection
  • Macrovascular disease (accelerated atheroclerosis)
  • Microvascular disease
32
Q

What does macrovascualar disease lead to in diabetes? (also perioperative implications)

A
  • CAD
  • PAD
  • AMI
  • CHF
  • CVA
  • HTN
33
Q

What does the microvascular disease lead to in diabetes?

A
  • Nephropathy
  • Retinopathy
  • Neuropathy
34
Q

Autonomic neuropathy causes what problems?****

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Delayed GI emptying
  • Post induction hypotension
  • can’t compensate volume or tone
35
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by what?

A

-Destruction of beta cells from autoimmune disorder** of viral infections** (heredity)

36
Q

T/F plasma levels of insulin are elevated type 2 diabetes?

A

True

37
Q

What is the normal Hgb A1C and what does it reflect?****

A
  • 4-5.6%

- Avg. blood sugar over 3 months (life of RBC)

38
Q

What 4 ways does better glycemic control improve outcomes?

A
  • Decreased hospital stay
  • Decreased infection
  • better outcomes after CVA, MI
  • Decreased mortality
39
Q

Guidelines for perioperative diabetic surgery.

A
  • 1st case of day
  • Hold oral hypoglycemics
  • balance control w/o hypoglycemia
  • type 1 should continue basal insulin
  • insulin pump OK for short procedures,
40
Q

What is DKA? and what are the primary features?

A
  • Type 1 diabetics with profoundly low insulin levels

- Dehydration, acidosis, electrolyte depletion (K)

41
Q

Symptoms of DKA?

A
  • N/V
  • Poly: -uria, -dypsia, -phagia
  • anorexia
  • Kussmaul breathing
  • acetone halitosis
42
Q

What can precipitate DKA

A
  • MI
  • Trauma
  • ETOH
  • Infection
  • Non compliance
43
Q

DKA will present with DKA hyper or hypo kalemia?

A

Hyperkalemia in the face of total K depletion

44
Q

What is the equivalent of DKA for type 2 diabetics? **

A

-Nonketotic hyperosmolar state

45
Q

Symptoms of Nonketotic hyperosmolar state*****

A
  • Thrombosis from hyperviscosity
  • Focal neuro/reflex
  • global neuro signs
  • confusion seizures
  • Coma
46
Q

Insulin excess (hypoglycemia)

A

-Profound CNS response (confusion, convulsion, coma)

-

47
Q

Body response to early, late and very late hypoglycemia?

A
  • Early = liver glycogen breakdown
  • Late = sympathetic stimulation (epi release)
  • Very late = GH and cortisol
48
Q

What is an insulinoma?

A

-Beta cell adenoma that produces insulin

49
Q

When does hypoglycemic shock occur?

A

glucose range 20-50%

50
Q

What is glycogensis? Glycogenolysis? gluconeogensis?**

A
  • Glycogensis = formation of glycogen (storage form of glucose) from glucose
  • Glycogenolysis = breakdown of glycogen
  • Gluconeogensis = production of glucose w/o carbs
51
Q

Neurons use what for fuel?****

A

Ketones

52
Q

What happens during osmotic diuresis? *****

A
  • Dehydration of 4-6L
  • Loss of up to 10% body K
  • Loss of Na, mag, cl, phos
53
Q

hyperglycemia perioperative consequences*****

A
  • CHF
  • CVA
  • increased mortality and length of stay
  • Infection
  • Sepsis
  • ARF
  • Neuropathy
  • Poor fetal outcomes

Personal Endo (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions