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Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things form a unit and exert control over several endocrine glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus

- Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary control function of what 3 endocrine glands?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenals
  • Gonads
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3
Q

The pituitary is also know as the what?

A

-Master gland

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4
Q

What is responsible for the brain-endocrine interactions?

A

-Hypothalamus pituitary axis

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5
Q

What is considered the coordinating center of the endocrine system?

A

-hypothalamus

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6
Q

The hypothalamus consolidates signals from what 4 things?

A
  • Upper cortical inputs
  • Autonomic function
  • Environmental cues
  • Peripheral endocrine feedback
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7
Q

What does the pituitary do? and what tells it what to do?

A
  • Releases hormones

- receives precise signals from the hypothalamus

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8
Q

What bone does the pituitary reside and what is the area called?

A
  • Sphenoid Bone

- Sella tursica***

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9
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the pituitary?

A
  • Anterior (Largest)
  • Pars intermediate (gone after development)
  • Pars tubularis (Highly vascular, no hormones)
  • Neurohypopysis
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10
Q

How are the anterior and posterior pituitary different?

A
  • Different connection to hypothalamus
  • Different cell types
  • Secrete different hormones
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11
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary? And how is it connected to the hypothalamus?

A
  • Adenohypophysis

- Portal venous system

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary is regulates what 6 things?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Mammary gland
  • Growth hormone
  • Gonads
  • Melanocytes
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13
Q

Name the 5 types of cells found in the anterior pituitary

A
  • Somatotropes (most abundant)
  • Corticotropes
  • Thyrotropes
  • Gonadotropes
  • Lactotropes
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14
Q

What does the Somatotrope cell secrete?

A

-Growth hormone

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15
Q

What does the corticotroope cell secrete?

A

-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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16
Q

What does the thytropes cell secrete?

A

-Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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17
Q

What does the gonadotope cells secrete?

A
  • Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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18
Q

What type of cell secretes prolactin (PRL)?

A

-Lactotropes

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19
Q

The posterior pituitary is also called what? and is basically what?

A
  • Neurohypophysis

- Axonal projections from the hypothalamus

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20
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary produce and what do they do?

A
  • Oxytocin (Uterine contractions)

- Vasopressin aka ADH (water balance

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21
Q

What does Vasopressin (ADH) do?

A
  • Increase permeability of collecting ducts
  • Increase free water absorption
  • Contraction of vascular smooth muscle
22
Q

Describe the vasopressin receptors.

A
  • V1 = vasoconstriction

- V2 = Renal fluid reabsorption

23
Q

In what two ways is vasopressin stimulated for release?

A
  • Osmoreceptors sense plasma osmolality > 290

- Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch sense large volume changes

24
Q

What does syndrome of inappropriate ADH cause?

A
  • Water retention
  • Hyponatremia
  • Concentrated urine
  • Dilute plasma
25
When ADH works on the kidneys what does it do?
- Increase urine osmolality - Decrease plasma osmolality - Increase ECF
26
What can cause syndrome of inappropriate ADH?
- CNS disorders - Cold stress - Trauma - Drugs - Cancer / tumor
27
Describe the mild, moderate and severe symptoms of hyponatremia.
- Mild< 125: Anorexia, nausea, weakness - Mod: Lethargy, confusion - Severe <120 : seizures, coma, death
28
Sodium greater than what is safe for elective surgeries?
->130
29
Sodium less than 130 can lead to what?
- Cerebral edema - Decrease in MAC**** - Agitation - Confusion - Somnolence
30
Rapid correction of sodium can lead to what problem? And when does it occur?
- Central pontine myelinolysis | - Change in Na > 0.5meq per hour
31
What are some risk factors for central pontine myelinolysis?
- ETOH - Liver disease - Malnutrition - hyponatremia
32
Diabetes insipidus signs?
- Excessive thirst | - Dilute Urine
33
Diabetes is can be caused by what two mechanisms?
- Inability to release ADH (central) | - Inability of kidney respond to ADH
34
What is the net result of diabetes insipidus?
- Hyposmotic urine - hyperosmotic plasma - Polydypsia (excessive thirst)
35
Name 2 ways to treat diabetes insipidus?
- Desmopressin nasal spray = Central | - Demeclocycline = decrease in renal response to ADH
36
Describe hypernatremia
-Loss of H2O or excess of Na
37
How does hypernatremia effect MAC?*****
- Increased MAC | - Decreased uptake of inhalation agent
38
Surgery should be postponed for sodium greater than what?
>150
39
Symptoms of hypernatremia?
- Restlessness - Lethargy - Hyperreflexia - Seizure - Coma - Death
40
Oxytocin is secreted from what? and does what?
- Supraoptic nucleus of posterior pituitary | - Contractions of uterus and myoepithelial cells of lactating breast
41
What are 2 of the rare instances in which there is a positive feedback in the endocrine system?
- Labor effects | - Breast feeding
42
How is pitocin used in OB?
- Increase contractions of uterus during labor | - Contract uterus after birth to prevent blood loss
43
Complications of pitocin.
- Fetal distress - Uterine stimulation - Maternal water intoxication
44
Rapid infusion of pitocin can cause what?
- Htn - Tachycardia - N/V - Seizures
45
Normal dose of pitocin.
-Usually 20 units (never more than 40) in a liter bag
46
What two ways are pituitary tumors found?
- Compression of adjacent structures (vision changes) | - Systemic effects of hormonal changes
47
Pituitary compression of the optic chiasm from a pituitary tumor can result in what?
-Bitemoral hemianopsia
48
Too much growth hormone causes what? and can lead to what?
- Acromegaly | - Difficult airway
49
Too much Thyroid stimulating hormone causes what?
- Hyperthyroid - Tachycardia - Weightloss
50
Elevated ACTH can cause what?
- Cushing's disease | - Difficult airway
51
Panhypopituitarism requires what?
- Cortisol for adrenals - Levothyroxine for thyroid - DDAVP (vasopressin)
52
Possible problems post pituitary surgery? and what would you see?And what to treat?
- Diabetes insipidus - Elevated urine out put with specific gravity < 1.005 - Treat with DDAVP

Personal Endo (6 decks)

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