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Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system regulates nearly all vital functions of the body including these 5.

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth and Development
  • Water and electrolyte balance
  • reproduction
  • Behavior
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2
Q

The endocrine system is made up of a _______ of ______. These _______ produce _________.

A
  • Network
  • Glands
  • Glands
  • Hormones
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3
Q

Endocrine disease are often caused by what?

A

-Abnormal amounts of hormone

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4
Q

Define the prefix and sufix. Endo-, -Crin, Exo-, Para-, Auto-, Neuro-

A
  • Endo = Within
  • Crin = to secrete
  • Exo = outside
  • Para = Near
  • Auto = Self
  • Neuro = Nerve
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5
Q

Define hormone

A

-Substance made by one cell that signals a response from another

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6
Q

Name the 4 main types of hormones.

A
  • Peptide and protein
  • Thyroid
  • Catecholamine
  • Steroid
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7
Q

Hormones act only on ______ receptors, those receptors can be found in what 2 places.

A
  • Specific

- Inside and outside of cell

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8
Q

The number of hormones ________ is ________. Affecting the cells _______ to a hormone.

A
  • Receptors
  • Regulated
  • Response
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9
Q

What maintains hormone activity?

A

-Negative feedback

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10
Q

Humans are homeothermic and maintain body temp range between what?

A

-36.5-37.3

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11
Q

What disrupts the body’s mechanisms for temperature control?

A

-Anesthesia

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12
Q

Skins and axillary temp monitoring problems.

A
  • Skin = 3-4°C lower

- Axilla = 1° Lower

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13
Q

What 2 temp monitoring sites reflect brain temp?

A
  • Nasopharynx

- External auditory meatus

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14
Q

What is hypothermia, hyperthermia, normothermia?

A
  • Hypo = < 36°C
  • Hyper = > 38°C
  • Normo = 37°C +/- 1°
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15
Q

What 2 areas mediate temperature regulation for the body?**

A
  • Anterior hypothalamus

- Preoptic Nuclei

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16
Q

Hypothermia effects on the vascular system?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • hypoperfusion
  • Pulse ox difficulties
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17
Q

Hypothermia effects on the cardiac system?

A
  • Shivering ↑ O2 consumption
  • Myocardial ischemia
  • Cardiac Morbidity
  • Arrhythmias
  • Osborne or J waves
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18
Q

At what temperature does VF occur?

A

-22-23°C

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19
Q

Defibrilation will not be successful until what temp?

A

30°C

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20
Q

Hypothermia effects on the Pulmonary system?

A
  • ↑ PVR
  • Ventilatory drive is depressed
  • ↓ CO2
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21
Q

Hypothermia effects on the renal system?

A
  • Cold diuresis

- Decrease plasma volume

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22
Q

Hypothermia effects on the hepatic system?

A

-Hepatic blood flow is decreased

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23
Q

Hypothermia effects on the CNS system?

A
  • Cerebral O2 consumption ↓7% for every 1° decrease.
  • Decrease MAC
  • Delayed emergence
  • Drowsiness
  • Confusion
24
Q

Hypothermia effects on the hematoligic system?

A
  • Impaired / decreased platelets

- Coag factors depressed

25
Hypothermia effects on the metabolism system?
- Reduced by 50% @ 30° and 60% @ 25° - Slows drug metabolism - Prolongs NMB and inhaled agents - Increased plasma levels of propofol and fentanyl
26
Hypothermia effects on healing?
- Increased infection by impairing immune system - Poor tissue perfusion and O2 - Less ABX
27
How is MAC effected by hypothermia?
- For every degree drop in temp, MAC decreases 5-7% | - More gas has to come off to wake up
28
Colorectal study findings of normothermic patients.
- Sutures removed day earlier - 1/3 less infections - Discharged 2.6 days earlier
29
The peripheral compartment holds _____ of the body heat while the core compartment holds _____.
- 1/3 | - 2/3
30
How is the temperature difference between the Core and Peripheral maintained?
-Vasoconstriction
31
Vasoconstriction is controlled by what?
-sympathetic nervous system
32
What is the byproduct of metabolism?
-Heat
33
Heat production can increase when?
- Exercise - Shivering - Non-shivering thermogensis - Hypermetabolic states (sepsis, thyroid storm, MH) - Medications - hypothalmic lesions
34
Shivering can increase heat production by?
300%
35
If a patient was insulated enough not to lose any heat, what would happen?
-Core temp would rise 1.2°C every hour
36
4 main ways of heat loss
- Radiation - Conduction - Convection - Evaporation
37
What is the major route of heat loss and how much is it?
- Radiation | - 60% of all heat loss
38
Define radiation heat loss
- Loss of heat to cool surroundings via electromagnetic energy - Determined by temp difference between patient and environment
39
Describe convection heat loss
- Wind chill - Layer of air next to skin carries heat away - Can account to 25% of heat loss
40
Describe evaporation heat loss
- Loss of heat with skin prep and open abdominal cavities | - Respiration of gasses
41
Describe conduction heat loss
- Transfer of heat between adjacent surfaces (OR tables) - < 5% of loss - Temperature gradient
42
Core temperature is maintained by ____________, How does anesthesia affect this?
- Peripheral vasoconstriction | - Inhibit peripheral vasoconstriction
43
In the 1st hour after induction of anesthesia there is a _____ decrease in the core temp because of__________.
- 1 - 1.5°C | - peripheral vasodilatation
44
Basal metabolic rate decreased by ________ which decreases what?
- 20-40% | - Heat production
45
________ anesthesia produces similiar patterns of heat loss as _________ due to __________.
- Regional anesthesia - General anesthesia - Vasodilation
46
3 Main problems GA cause in temperature regulation.
- Vasodilation - Decrease metabolic rate (heat production) - Decrease hypothalamic responsiveness to hypothermia
47
refrigerated blood or room temp crystaloid can decrease core body temperature by?
0.25°C
48
Basal metabolic rate decreases ___% per year beyond age ____
- 1% | - 30
49
Elderly and neonatal patients have _________ which results in less _________ heat conserving mechanisms
- diminished autonomic neural functioning | - Vasocontrictive
50
Problems with post op shivering
- Increase in O2 consumption - Increase in catecholamines - 3x increase in myocardial events
51
Why does shivering occur?
- Cooling of the preoptic region of the hypothalamus | - Involuntary oscillatory muscular activity
52
Most commonly used agent for post op shivering is? and how does it work?
- Meperidine (demerol) | - Kappa opiod receptors
53
Causes of Hyperthermia
- MH - Sepsis - Thyrotoxicosis - Pheochromocytoma - Hypothalamic problems - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Transfusion reactions - Meds
54
Most common cause of hyperthermia is what and how does it increase temp?
- Sepsis/Infection - Pyogens release interleukin 1 - Interleukin 1 increases set point for temp in hyothalamus - Causes shivering and vasoconstriction
55
MH manifest itself as what? with what symptoms?
- Hyper catabolic state - Tachycardia - Hypercapnia - Muscle rigidity - Tachy arrythmias - Metabolicc acidosis

Personal Endo (6 decks)

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