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Personal Endo > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system regulates nearly all vital functions of the body including these 5.

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth and Development
  • Water and electrolyte balance
  • reproduction
  • Behavior
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2
Q

The endocrine system is made up of a _______ of ______. These _______ produce _________.

A
  • Network
  • Glands
  • Glands
  • Hormones
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3
Q

Endocrine disease are often caused by what?

A

-Abnormal amounts of hormone

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4
Q

Define the prefix and sufix. Endo-, -Crin, Exo-, Para-, Auto-, Neuro-

A
  • Endo = Within
  • Crin = to secrete
  • Exo = outside
  • Para = Near
  • Auto = Self
  • Neuro = Nerve
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5
Q

Define hormone

A

-Substance made by one cell that signals a response from another

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6
Q

Name the 4 main types of hormones.

A
  • Peptide and protein
  • Thyroid
  • Catecholamine
  • Steroid
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7
Q

Hormones act only on ______ receptors, those receptors can be found in what 2 places.

A
  • Specific

- Inside and outside of cell

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8
Q

The number of hormones ________ is ________. Affecting the cells _______ to a hormone.

A
  • Receptors
  • Regulated
  • Response
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9
Q

What maintains hormone activity?

A

-Negative feedback

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10
Q

Humans are homeothermic and maintain body temp range between what?

A

-36.5-37.3

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11
Q

What disrupts the body’s mechanisms for temperature control?

A

-Anesthesia

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12
Q

Skins and axillary temp monitoring problems.

A
  • Skin = 3-4°C lower

- Axilla = 1° Lower

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13
Q

What 2 temp monitoring sites reflect brain temp?

A
  • Nasopharynx

- External auditory meatus

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14
Q

What is hypothermia, hyperthermia, normothermia?

A
  • Hypo = < 36°C
  • Hyper = > 38°C
  • Normo = 37°C +/- 1°
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15
Q

What 2 areas mediate temperature regulation for the body?**

A
  • Anterior hypothalamus

- Preoptic Nuclei

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16
Q

Hypothermia effects on the vascular system?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • hypoperfusion
  • Pulse ox difficulties
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17
Q

Hypothermia effects on the cardiac system?

A
  • Shivering ↑ O2 consumption
  • Myocardial ischemia
  • Cardiac Morbidity
  • Arrhythmias
  • Osborne or J waves
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18
Q

At what temperature does VF occur?

A

-22-23°C

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19
Q

Defibrilation will not be successful until what temp?

A

30°C

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20
Q

Hypothermia effects on the Pulmonary system?

A
  • ↑ PVR
  • Ventilatory drive is depressed
  • ↓ CO2
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21
Q

Hypothermia effects on the renal system?

A
  • Cold diuresis

- Decrease plasma volume

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22
Q

Hypothermia effects on the hepatic system?

A

-Hepatic blood flow is decreased

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23
Q

Hypothermia effects on the CNS system?

A
  • Cerebral O2 consumption ↓7% for every 1° decrease.
  • Decrease MAC
  • Delayed emergence
  • Drowsiness
  • Confusion
24
Q

Hypothermia effects on the hematoligic system?

A
  • Impaired / decreased platelets

- Coag factors depressed

25
Q

Hypothermia effects on the metabolism system?

A
  • Reduced by 50% @ 30° and 60% @ 25°
  • Slows drug metabolism
  • Prolongs NMB and inhaled agents
  • Increased plasma levels of propofol and fentanyl
26
Q

Hypothermia effects on healing?

A
  • Increased infection by impairing immune system
  • Poor tissue perfusion and O2
  • Less ABX
27
Q

How is MAC effected by hypothermia?

A
  • For every degree drop in temp, MAC decreases 5-7%

- More gas has to come off to wake up

28
Q

Colorectal study findings of normothermic patients.

A
  • Sutures removed day earlier
  • 1/3 less infections
  • Discharged 2.6 days earlier
29
Q

The peripheral compartment holds _____ of the body heat while the core compartment holds _____.

A
  • 1/3

- 2/3

30
Q

How is the temperature difference between the Core and Peripheral maintained?

A

-Vasoconstriction

31
Q

Vasoconstriction is controlled by what?

A

-sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

What is the byproduct of metabolism?

A

-Heat

33
Q

Heat production can increase when?

A
  • Exercise
  • Shivering
  • Non-shivering thermogensis
  • Hypermetabolic states (sepsis, thyroid storm, MH)
  • Medications
  • hypothalmic lesions
34
Q

Shivering can increase heat production by?

A

300%

35
Q

If a patient was insulated enough not to lose any heat, what would happen?

A

-Core temp would rise 1.2°C every hour

36
Q

4 main ways of heat loss

A
  • Radiation
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Evaporation
37
Q

What is the major route of heat loss and how much is it?

A
  • Radiation

- 60% of all heat loss

38
Q

Define radiation heat loss

A
  • Loss of heat to cool surroundings via electromagnetic energy
  • Determined by temp difference between patient and environment
39
Q

Describe convection heat loss

A
  • Wind chill
  • Layer of air next to skin carries heat away
  • Can account to 25% of heat loss
40
Q

Describe evaporation heat loss

A
  • Loss of heat with skin prep and open abdominal cavities

- Respiration of gasses

41
Q

Describe conduction heat loss

A
  • Transfer of heat between adjacent surfaces (OR tables)
  • < 5% of loss
  • Temperature gradient
42
Q

Core temperature is maintained by ____________, How does anesthesia affect this?

A
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction

- Inhibit peripheral vasoconstriction

43
Q

In the 1st hour after induction of anesthesia there is a _____ decrease in the core temp because of__________.

A
  • 1 - 1.5°C

- peripheral vasodilatation

44
Q

Basal metabolic rate decreased by ________ which decreases what?

A
  • 20-40%

- Heat production

45
Q

________ anesthesia produces similiar patterns of heat loss as _________ due to __________.

A
  • Regional anesthesia
  • General anesthesia
  • Vasodilation
46
Q

3 Main problems GA cause in temperature regulation.

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Decrease metabolic rate (heat production)
  • Decrease hypothalamic responsiveness to hypothermia
47
Q

refrigerated blood or room temp crystaloid can decrease core body temperature by?

A

0.25°C

48
Q

Basal metabolic rate decreases ___% per year beyond age ____

A
  • 1%

- 30

49
Q

Elderly and neonatal patients have _________ which results in less _________ heat conserving mechanisms

A
  • diminished autonomic neural functioning

- Vasocontrictive

50
Q

Problems with post op shivering

A
  • Increase in O2 consumption
  • Increase in catecholamines
  • 3x increase in myocardial events
51
Q

Why does shivering occur?

A
  • Cooling of the preoptic region of the hypothalamus

- Involuntary oscillatory muscular activity

52
Q

Most commonly used agent for post op shivering is? and how does it work?

A
  • Meperidine (demerol)

- Kappa opiod receptors

53
Q

Causes of Hyperthermia

A
  • MH
  • Sepsis
  • Thyrotoxicosis
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Hypothalamic problems
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • Transfusion reactions
  • Meds
54
Q

Most common cause of hyperthermia is what and how does it increase temp?

A
  • Sepsis/Infection
  • Pyogens release interleukin 1
  • Interleukin 1 increases set point for temp in hyothalamus
  • Causes shivering and vasoconstriction
55
Q

MH manifest itself as what? with what symptoms?

A
  • Hyper catabolic state
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypercapnia
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Tachy arrythmias
  • Metabolicc acidosis

Personal Endo (6 decks)

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