class #3- germ theory Flashcards
who created the first microscope?
Antoine Leevanhoak
what contributions did Louis Pasteur bring to the scientific world
-father of microbiology
-dispelled the idea of spontaneous generation
-pasteurization
-first to develop vaccines
what is spontaneous generation
the idea that life arises from nothing
how did pasteur prove that spon. generation was false
created s-shaped flasks that were in contact with air, but bacteria could not reach the broth at the bottom. i.e. proves that microbes cannot arise from non-living materials
what did Joseph Lister contribute
that washing surgical instruments is a good idea
how did Lister first clean instruments
used carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize bad wounds and surgical tools to prevent infections
what is Semmelweis contribute
he said that hand washing was a good idea!
what is cadaverous poisoning
Poisonous particles form dead bodies, spreading disease in hospitals
how does Pasteur complete Semmelweis’s ideas
he concluded that doctors could spread disease through unsanitary hands
what is pasteurization
a way to prevent spoilage, heating liquid to kill bacteria
who was the first to discover that yeast were alive
pasteur
who was john snow and what was his contribution
-a physician and the first epidemiologist
-john snow removed the handle of the Broad Street Pump and saved lives
what was the Broad Street Pump case
-open sewage resulted in an outbreak of cholera
- first demonstration of fecal-oral disease
who was Jenner and what did he contribute
contributed to the first vaccines through the smallpox virus
how was the first vaccine created
through cowpox, jenner scraped skin of healthy people and rubbed scabs from cowpox on them, then these people were protected from smallpox
what are other examples of some of the first vaccines?
chicken cholera, the rabies vaccine
who was robert koch
the rival of pasteur
what did koch contribute
-he developed ways of growing bacteria in pure culture by using agar
-developed koch’s postulates as criteria for proving that a bacteria is responsible for causing disease
-developed first “toxoids”
what are “koch’s postulates”
rigorous criteria, not always possible to meet: assumes that we can grow the bacteria & must be an animal model of infection available
what are the four postulates***
- microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from disease, and should not be found in healthy organisms
- the microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
- the cultured microorganism should cause disease in a healthy organism
- the microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated host
what did Shibasoburo and Yersin co-discover
Yersinia pestis, a gram negative bacteria
what is Griffiths transformation experiment
was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation
in griffiths experiment, what is the significance of smooth bacteria
smooth bacteria make a capsule and are VIRULENT
what is transformation
uptake of naked DNA
what does living S strain result in
death (has living s strain)
in griffiths experiment, what is the significance of rough bacteria
rough bacteria are AVIRULENT
what does living R strain result in
life (no s strain)
what does a mix of living r strain and dead s strain result in
death (has living s strain transferred to r strain)
what does dead s strain result in
life (no living s strain)
what did Oswald Avery contribute
haligonian- showed that DNA was the genetic material
