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microbiology 2100 > class #1- prokaryotic structure and function > Flashcards

class #1- prokaryotic structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nucleus

A

a membrane enclosed organelle containing a cell’s primary genetic material

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2
Q

what is the definition of a prokaryote

A

before a nucleus

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3
Q

what is the definition of a eukaryote

A

new nucleus

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4
Q

what is the central dogma

A

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

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5
Q

what is replication

A

DNA to DNA

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6
Q

what is transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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7
Q

what is translation

A

RNA to protein

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8
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a genetic element carrying genes essential to cellular function

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9
Q

what is a plasmid

A

an extrachromosomal genetic element that is non essential for growth

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10
Q

what is the genome

A

the complete set of genes within an organism

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11
Q

how does replication occur?

A

the bacterial genomes are circular & DNA synthesis is semi-conservative, meaning only one strand is copied.

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12
Q

where does a bacterial cell store its DNA?

A

nucleoid

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13
Q

what is a nucleoid

A

dna containing area of a prokaryotic cell, in cytoplasm

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14
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms, to classify organisms

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15
Q

what are some examples of methods to classify organisms?

A

appearence & physical/chemical/biological features

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16
Q

how is appearence used in phylogeny?

A

uses features that can be observed to classify, it is bias and subjective

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17
Q

how is physical/chemical/biological features used in phylogeny?

A

uses scientific data that can be reproduced to classify, it is less bias and more rigorous (not observations)

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18
Q

what is archaea

A

prokaryotic & single celled organisms with diverse ecological niches

19
Q

how is archaea similar to eukaryotes

A

they have similar protein translation and transcriptional paradigms to eukaryotes

20
Q

what are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell

A

Single or multi-cellular, high-order cellular functionality, larger in size.

21
Q

what is gram staining

A

a technique to characterize bacteria

22
Q

what are the features of a gram positive cell wall

A

thick peptidoglycan layer
LTA is a significant component

23
Q

what are the features of a gram-negative outer membrane

A

2nd lipid bilayer that contains polysaccharide
connected to core is o-specific polysaccharide
Lipid A is embedded in outer membrane

24
Q

what is the gram stain test for

A

used to classify bacteria into 2 broad categories, according to type of cell wall

25
Q

what does bacteria consist of a lot of ?

A

ribosomes for protein synthesis

26
Q

where does translation and transcription happen in bacterial cells

A

same compartment - unlike eukaryotes

27
Q

what is acid-fast bacteria

A

bacteria that resists decolorization with acids after staining

28
Q

what are mollicutes

A

smallest bacteria, small genomes, antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis does not work for treatment

29
Q

what is a bacterial ribosome?

A

a cytoplasmic particle composed of rRNA and protein

30
Q

what is the function of bacterial ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

31
Q

what are the subunits for bacterial ribosomes

A

30s and 50s

32
Q

what are the functions of the subunits in bacterial ribosomes?

A

30s: protein synthesis initiated
50s: 30s later joins with 50s
=70s overall size

33
Q

what is a bacterial capsule

A

a dense, well defined polysaccharide or protein layer closely surrounding a cell

34
Q

function of bacterial capsule?

A

protection
can promote colonization on host cells

35
Q

what is a bacterial endospore?

A

differentiated cells that are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation - generated to survive in difficult times

36
Q

what are endospores dispersed by

A

dispersed by wind, water, or animals

37
Q

what is bacterial flagella

A

structures that rotate (rotary motor powered)

38
Q

what is the function of bacterial flagellum

A

allows for quick and useful directional movement, requires energy for functionality

39
Q

what is flagellum recognized by

A

innate immune system - promotes an inflammatory/immune response

40
Q

what is MAMPS

A

microbial associated molecular patterns

41
Q

what is sanitation?

A

set of conditions that allow for clean drinking water and safe disposal of bodily excretions

42
Q

what is hygiene?

A

practice of cleanliness and techniques to prevent disease

43
Q

what is sterilization?

A

the killing or removal of all living organisms and viruses

microbiology 2100 (8 decks)

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