Class 28- Bowel Elimination Flashcards
Role of the gallbladder
1- Storage of bile
2- Concentrating bile (water,electrolyte reabsorbed)
3- Production of mucus (mucin) by its epithelial cells to lubricate small intestine for acid chyme (frm stomach)
4-Mantain the pressure in biliary system for the release of bile into small intestine
Role of the liver
- Filters your blood
- Makes proteins, including blood-clotting factors (needed to help you heal)
- Stores vitamins, sugars, fats, and other nutrients
- Helps regulate hormones
- Releases chemicals and nutrients into the body when needed
- Makes bile needed for digesting fats
Role of the pancreas
The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum, they are activated. The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
The hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon (which regulate the level of glucose in the blood), and somatostatin (which prevents the release of the other two hormones).
Review digestive anatomy and physiology
Kaplan flashcards
What are the bowel elimination maneuvers?
Transit time (peristalsis) Chyme from the stomach Mucus from the intestine Haustral churning Fluid absorption, flatus Mass peristalsis
How many mL of fluid a day are absorbed and how many are secreted?
1500mL; 100mL
What is the rule of threes?
3 a day to 3 a week is adequate
What determines the consistency of the stool?
Intestinal motility
Compliance and contractility of the rectum
How much fills the rectum?
150 to 400mL (also flatus)
Things that affect intestinal motility and rectal accommodation?
Rectal filling Rectal contractions Rectal accommodation Postponement of defecation Absorption of water from stool Constipation --> hemorrhoids
What kinds of medications can cause GI bleeding?
Aspirin
What two health risks can slow down bowel movements?
Obesity and diabetes
How many bowel sounds are normal in one minute to hear?
5 to 20
After how many hours is it necessary to seek medical attention for diarrhea in adults? In children?
48 hours; 24 hours
What are some factors that influence elimination?
Age/stage Diet Fiber (helps elimination by absorbing liquid) Type Eating times Timed to go
What is normal elimination for an infant?
1 to 2 BMs a day; soft is normal
What factors related to agin affect bowel movements?
Digestion ability
Muscle tone (system involves a lot of muscle)
Response
Nutrition and hydration
What is considered a proper amount of fluid intake?
2,000 to 3,000 ml a day (1500ml minimum)
What is constipation?
Infrequent and difficult passage of hardened stool.
Common is pediatrics and geriatrics
Dietary factors, dehydration, low dietary bulk
Diverticulosis
Neuropathic conditions
Limited motility and exercise
Medication side effects
What is perceived constipation? What decreases? What increases?
Influenced by psychological and emotional stress
Constipation is the one of the primary concerns of the elderly
Decreased- mobility, nutrition, motility, thirst, income
Increased- depression, worry, transit time
What are the characteristics of constipation?
Decreased frequency of defecation
Hard dry formed stools with blood and pain
Straining for stool, pain during defecation
Feeling of pressure/incomplete evacuation
Abdominal pain, cramps, distention
Anorexia, nausea, headache
What is a normal adult amount of bowel elimination?
1 cup per day
What causes hemorrhoids?
Frequent high pressure to the veins in the rectum; topical relief like Prep. H or surgery may be required
What needs to be done for impaction?
Encopresis
Impaction could be a block, or liquid or ribbon like stool
Dry, hard, frequent urge (no production)
