Class 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Mood and affect
A
Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotion that may have a major influence on a persons perception of the world. Examples of mood include depression, joy, elation, anger, and anxiety. Affect is described as the external observable emotional reaction associated with an experience. A flat affect describe someone who lacks emotional expression, and it is often seen and severely depressed clients
2
Q
Depression
A
Depression is an alteration in mood that, is expressed by feelings of sadness and despair and pessimism. In clinically significant depression, there is a loss of interest, in usual activities and somatic symptoms may be evident. Changes an appetite, sleep patterns, and cognition , are common. Severe depression may be accompanied by suicide, ideation, and/or attempts 
3
Q
Melancholia
A
Severe form of major depressive disorder in which symptoms are exaggerated and interest or pleasure in virtually all activities, is lost
4
Q
Persistent depressive disorder, dysthymia
A
Individuals with this man disturbance described her mood as sad or down in the dumps. There is no evidence of psychotic symptoms. The essential feature is a chronically depressed mood for most of the day more days than not for at least two years.
5
Q
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
A
Markedly depressed mood, excessive anxiety, mood swings and decreased interest in activities during the week prior to menses improving shortly after the onset of menstruation and becoming minimal or absent in the week post menses
6
Q
Bipolar disorder
A
manifest as cycles of mania and depression
7
Q
Mania
A
Mania is an altercation in the mood that may be expressed by feelings of elation, inflated self-esteem, grandiosity, hyperactivity agitation, racing thoughts, and accelerated speech. Mania can occur as part of the psychiatric disorder bipolar disorder as part of some other medical condition are in response to some substances.
8
Q
Cyclothymic disorder
A
A chronic mood disturbance of at least two years duration, involving numerous periods of elevated mood. They do not meet the criteria for hypomanic episode, and numerous periods of depressed mood of insufficient severity or duration to meet the criteria for major depressive episode. The individual is never without symptoms for more than two months.
9
Q
Affect
A
Feeling that a person experiences when he or she responds emotionally to the environment
10
Q
Biogenic amine
A
One of the Neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine; it is thought that a deficiency of the substances in key areas of the brain results in depression
11
Q
Depression
A
Affective disorder in which a person experiences sadness that is much more severe, and longer lasting than is warranted. By the event that seems to have precipitated it, with more intense mood; the condition may not even be traceable to a specific event or stressor.
12
Q
Monoamine, oxidize inhibitor MAOI 
A
Drug that prevents the enzymes monoamine oxidase from breaking down, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, leading to increased neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft; relieves depression, and also causes sympathmimetic effects
13
Q
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI
A
Drug that specifically blocks the reuptake of serotonin, and increases its concentration in the synaptic cleft; relieves depression, and is not associated with anticholinergic or sympathomimetic of adverse effects
14
Q
Serotonin norepinephrine, inhibitors SNRI
A
Drug that increases both serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations and synaptic cleft; relieves depression, with varying serotonergic or non-adrenic activity
15
Q
Tricyclic, antidepressants, TCA
A
Drug that blocks, the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin; relieves depression, and has antichlinergic, and sedative affects
16
Q
Tyramine
A
An amine found in food that causes vasoconstriction and raises blood pressure; ingesting, food high, in tyramines while taking an MAOI poses the risk of severe hypertensive crisis
17
Q
Antipsychotic
A
Drug used to treat disorders involving throughout processes; dopamine, receptor blocker that helps affected people to organize their thoughts and respond appropriately to stimuli
18
Q
Attention deficit disorder
A
Behavioral syndrome characterized by an inability to concentrate for longer than a few minutes and excessive activity
19
Q
Bipolar disorder
A
Behavioral disorder that involves extremes of depression, alternating with hyperactivity and excitement
20
Q
Major tranquilizer
A
Former name of antipsychotic drugs; the name is no longer used, because it implies that the primary effect of these drugs and sedation, which is no longer thought to be the desired therapeutic action
21
Q
Mania
A
State of hyperexcitability, one phase of bipolar disorders, which alternate between periods of severe depression, and mania
22
Q
Narcolepsy
A
Mental disorder characterized by daytime sleepiness in. The sudden loss of wakefulness.
23
Q
Neuroleptic
A
A drug with many associated neurological adverse effects that is used to treat disorders that involve that processes i.e. schizophrenia
24
Q
Schizophrenia
A
The most common type of psychosis; characteristics include hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, speech, abnormalities, and affective problems
25
Absence seizure
Type of generalized seizure that is characterized by sudden temporary loss of consciousness, sometimes with staring or blinking for 3 to 5 seconds; formally known as a petit mal seizure
26
Anti-epileptic
Drug used to treat the abnormal and excessive energy bursts of the brain that are characteristic of epilepsy 
27
Convulsion
Tonic colonic, muscular reaction to excessive electrical energy arising from nerve cells in the brain
28
Epilepsy
Collection of various syndromes, all of which are characterized by seizures
29
Generalized seizure
Seizure that begins in one area of the brain and rapidly spread throughout both hemispheres
30
Partial seizure
Also called focal seizures; seizures involving one area of the brain that do not spread throughout the entire organ
31
Seizure 
Sudden discharge of excessive electrical energy from nerve cells in the brain
32
Status epilepticus
State in which seizure rapidly reoccur; most severe form of generalized seizure
33
Tonic colonics seizure
Type of generalized seizure that is characterized by serious, involuntary muscle contractions, followed by RelaxSation appearing as an aggressive spasm. In addition to a loss of consciousness, with exhaustion and little memory of the event on awakening; formally known as a grand mal seizures
34
Anxiety
A feeling of discomfort, apprehension, or dread related to anticipation of danger the source of which is often nonspecific or unknown. Anxiety is considered a disorder or pathology when fears and anxieties are excessive, and there are associated behavioral disturbances, such as interference with social and occupational functioning.
35
Stress
An external pressure that is brought to bear on the individual
36
Fear
Intellectual appraisal of a stimulus perceived to be threatening; anxiety is an emotional response of internal tension, and worry that may be diffuse, and not directly related to an external cause
37
Panic
A sudden, overwhelming, feeling of terror impending doom. This most severe form of emotional anxiety is usually accompanied by behavioral cognitive and psychological signs and symptoms considered extremely intense and frightening.
38
Panic disorder
Characterized by recurrent panic attacks, the onset of which is unpredictable
39
Generalized anxiety disorder
Characterized by persistent, unrealistic and excessive anxiety, and worry which have occurred more days than not for at least six months, and cannot be attributed to specific organic factors, such as caffeine intoxication or hyper thyroidism
40
Phobia
An irrational fear of a specific object or situation, resulting in an intense aversion, toward the feared stimulus. Exposure to the feared, object or situation is typically accompanied by intense anxiety or panic attacks.
41
Agoraphobia
The fear of being in open shops and market, but more specifically it is the fear of being being unable ,to get help or escape the setting should panic symptoms occur
42
Social anxiety disorder SAD
An excessive fear of situations in which a person might do something embarrassing, or be a evaluated negatively by others
43
Specific phobia
Identified by fear of specific objects or situations that could conceivably cause harm but the persons reaction to them is excessive and irrational
44
Obsessions
Intrusive thoughts that are reoccurring and stressful. Although they are recognized by the individual as irrational, they continue to be repetitive, and cannot be ignored.
45
Compulsions 
Repetitive ritualistic behaviors, or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform, according to rigidly applied rules, and which are intended to reduce the anxiety associated with obsessive thoughts
46
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Include the presence of obsessions, or compulsions, or both the severity of which is significant enough to cause distress or impairment and social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
47
Body, dysmorphic disorder
Characterized by the exaggerated belief that the body is deformed or defective in a some specific way
48
Trichotillomania
The reoccurring, pulling out of one’s hair that results in hair loss
49
Hoarding disorder
Persistent, difficulty discarding, or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value
50
Systematic desensitization
The client is gradually exposed to the phobic of stimulus, in either a real or imagined situation
51
Implosion therapy or flooding
A therapeutic process in which clients for a prolonged period must imagine situations or participate in real life situations they find extremely frightening
52
Trauma
An extremely distressing experience that causes severe emotional shock, and may have long lasting psychological effects
53
Trauma informed care
Realizes the widespread impact of trauma and various pass for recovery
Recognizes the signs and symptoms of trauma in clients families, staff, and all those involved with the system 
Responds by fully integrating knowledge about trauma and policies, procedures, and practice
Seeks to actively resist re-traumatization
54
Post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD
A multi symptom response triggered by an extremely traumatic event
55
Stress
A state of disequilibrium and tension that occurs when there is disharmony between demands occurring within an individuals, internal or external environment, and their ability to cope with those demands
56
Prolonged grief disorder
The stressor is specifically the death of a person who was close to the bereaved individual and clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning endurance beyond a year of the associated death
57
Disassociation
An unconscious defense mechanism in which there is separation of normally related mental processes, such as identity, memory, and cognition from affect; the detachment of ideas and memories from events or experiences
58
Aphonia
Inability to produce voice
59
Anosmia
In ability to perceive smell
60
Pseudocyesis
False pregnancy
61
Somatization
Focus on physical symptoms becomes reinforced as a way to shift the focus away from family issues and discord
62
Amnesia
Partial or total loss of memory. Memory loss may be temporary or permanent.
63
Localized amnesia
Unable to recall all incidents associated with a stressful event
64
Selective amnesia
Individual can recall only certain incidents associated with a stressful event for specific. After the event.
65
Generalized amnesia
Individual has amnesia for both identity and total life history
66
Fugue
A sudden, unexpected travel away from customary place of daily activities, or by bewildered, wandering with the inability to recall some or all of ones past 
67
Depersonalization
A disturbance in the perception of oneself
68
Derealization
An alteration in the perception of the external environment
69
Anurea
Your an output of less than 50 mL per 24 hours
70
Ascites
An accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
71
Cardiac re-synchronization therapy CRT
A treatment for heart failure in which a device paces both ventricles to synchronize contractions
72
Congestive heart failure CHF
A fluid overload condition associated with heart failure
73
Diastolic heart failure
The inability of the left ventricle of the heart to fill and pump sufficiently; term used to define a type of heart failure; same as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
74
Ejection fraction EF
Percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is a ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility
75
Heart failure
A clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional, cardiac disorders that impair the ability of a ventricle to fill our eject blood
76
Heart failure with mid range ejection fraction
 Clinical heart failure syndrome with left ventricular ejection fraction, greater than or equal to 40 to 49%
77
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Clinical heart failure syndrome with left ventricular ejection fraction, greater than or equal to 50%; the same as diastolic heart failure
78
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Clinical heart failure syndrome with the left ventricle ejection fraction, less than or equal to 40%; same as systolic heart failure
79
Left sided heart failure
Inability of the left ventricle to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation; same as left ventricular failure
80
Oliguria
Diminished urine output; less than .5 mL per kilogram per hour over at least six hours are less than 400 mL in 24 hours
81
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath, when lying flat
82
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea PND
Shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep
83
Pericardiocentesis
Procedure, that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac
84
Pericardiotomy
Surgically created opening of the pericardium
85
Pulmonary edema
Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs, causing severe respiratory distress
86
Pulseless electrical activity, PEA
Condition in which electrical activity is present on an electrocardio gram, but there is not a Physiologically adequate pulse or blood pressure
87
Pulsus paradoxus
Systolic blood pressure that is more than 10 mm lower during inhalation than during exhalation; difference is normally less than 10 mm
88
Right sided heart failure
Inability of the right ventricle to fill or eject sufficient blood into the pulmonary circulation; same as right, ventricular failure
89
Systolic heart failure
inability of the heart to pump efficiently because of an altercation in the ability of the heart to contract; term used to describe a type of heart failure; same as a heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
90
Anastomosis
Junction of two vessels
91
Aneurysm
Localized sac or dilation of an artery, formed at a weak point in the vessel wall
92
Angioplasty
An invasive procedure that uses a balloon tipped catheter to dilate a stenotic area of a blood vessel
93
Ankle brachial index ABI
Ratio of the ankle systolic pressure to the brachial systolic pressure; an objective measurement of arterial disease that provides quantification of the degree of stenosis
94
Arteriosclerosis
Diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterial thicken
95
Atherectomy
An invasive procedure that uses a cutting device or laser to remove or reduce plaque in an artery
96
Atherosclerosis 
Inflammatory process involved in the accumulation of lipids, calcium blood components, carbohydrates and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of a large or medium sized artery
97
Bruit
Sound produced by turbulent blood flow through an irregular torturous,stenotic or dilated vessel
98
Cyanosis
A bluish tint to the skin manifested when the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin contained in the blood is reduced
99
Deep vein, thrombosis DVT
A blood clot or thrombus located within a deep vein that causes obstruction or occlusion
100
Dissection
Separation of the Weeknd, elastic and fibromuscular elements in the medial layer of an artery
101
Duplex, ultrasonography 
Combines B-mode, grayscale imaging of tissue organs and blood vessels with capabilities of estimating velocity changes by the use of a pulsed Doppler
102
Embolus
A blood clot fatty deposit or air that travels through the blood lodges in an artery or vein and blocks flow
103
Endovascular
A type of procedure that uses a puncture or small incision to place catheters inside a blood vessel to repair it or insert a device
104
Intermittent claudication
A muscular cramp like pain or fatigue, in the extremities consistently reproduced with the same degree of exercise or activity, and relieved by rest
105
Ischemia
Deficient blood supply
106
Pulmonary embolism PE
A blood clot or thrombus within a pulmonary artery that blocks are obstructs blood flow to the lungs
107
Rest pain
Persistent pain in the foot or digits when the patient is resting, indicating a severe degree of arterial insufficiency
108
Rubor
Reddish blue discoloration of the extremity; indicative of severe peripheral artery damage in vessels that remain dilated and unable to constrict
109
Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel
110
Thromboembolus
A blood clot that may become dislodged from the vessel where it originally formed
111
Thrombus
A blood clot within an artery or a vein
112
Venus thromboembolism VTE
A blood clot that forms in the venous vasculature that may manifest as a DVT, our a PE
113
actin
Then filament a component of a Sarcomere, or muscle unit
114
Aldosterone
A hormone released from the adrenal cortex that acts in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney to increase retention of sodium and water
115
Angiotension
A peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone and ADH release; part of the renin angiotension system
116
Antidiuretic hormone, ADH
Released from the posterior pituitary and acts in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney to increase water retention
117
Arrhythmia
A disruption in cardiac rate or rhythm also called dysrhythmia
118
Arteries
Vessels that take blood away from the heart; muscular resistance vessels
119
Atrium
Top chamber of the heart, receives blood from veins 
120
Auricle
Appendage on the atria of the heart holds blood to be pumped out with atrial contraction
121
Automaticity
Property of heart cells to generate an action potential without an external stimulus
122
Capacitance System
The Venoussystem; distensible, flexible veins that are capable of holding large amounts of blood
123
Capillary
Small vessel made up of loosely connected, endothelial cells that connect arteries to veins
124
Cardiac cycle
A period of cardiac muscle, relaxation diastole, followed by a period of contraction systole in the hart
125
Conductivity
Property of heart cells to rapidly conduct an action potential of electrical impulse
126
Diastole 
Resting phase of the heart; blood is returned to the heart during this phase
127
Dysrhythmia
It disruption in cardiac rate or rhythm, also called an arrhythmia
128
Ectopic focus
A shift in the pacemaker of the heart from the Sino atrial node to some other site
129
Electrocardio gram
An electrical tracing, reflecting the conduction of an electrical impulse through the heart muscle; does not reflect mechanical activity
130
Myocardium
The muscle of the heart
131
Myosin
Thick filament was projections a component of a sarcomere or muscle unit
132
Natriuretic peptide
A peptide produced by the brain, heart and vasculature which causes natriuresis excretion of sodium in the Aaron; degraded by the enzyme neprilysis
133
Oncotic pressure
The pulling pressure of the plasma, proteins responsible for returning fluid to the vasculature system at the capillary level
134
Pulse Pressure
The systolic blood pressure minus the diastolic blood pressure; reflects the filling pressure of the coronary arteries
135
Resistance system
The arteries; the muscles of the arteries provide resistance to the flow of blood leading to control of blood pressure
136
Sarcomere
Functional unit of a muscle cell composed of Actin and myosin molecules, arranged in layers to give the unit a striped are striated appearance
137
Sinoatrial node
The normal pacemaker of the heart; composed of primitive cells that constantly generate an action potential
138
Starlings law of the heart
Addresses the contractile properties of the heart the more the muscles stretched the stronger it will react until it is stretched to a point at which it will not react at all
139
Systole
Contracting phase of the heart, during which blood is pumped out of the heart
140
Troponin
Chemical and heart muscle that prevents the reaction between Acton, and myosin leading to muscle relaxation; it is an activated by calcium during muscle stimulation to allow actin and myosin to react causing muscle contraction
141
Veins
Vessels that return blood to the heart; distensible tubes
142
Ventricle
Bottom chamber of the heart which contract to pump blood out of the heart
143
Antiarrhythmics
Drugs that affect the action potential of cardiac cells and are used to treat arrhythmias and restore, normal rate and rhythm
144
Bradycardia
Slower than normal heart rate; usually less than 60 bpm
145
Cardiac output
The amount of blood, the heart can pump per peat; influenced by the coordination of cardiac muscle contraction, heart rate, and blood return to the hart
146
Heart blocks
Blocks to conduction of an impulse through the cardiac conduction system; can occur at the atrioventricular node, interrupting conduction from the atria into the ventricles, or in the bundle branches within the ventricles, preventing the normal conduction of the impulse
147
Hemodynamics
The study of the forces moving blood throughout the cardiovascular system
148
Premature atrial contractions, PAC
Caused by an ectopic focus in the atria that stimulates an atrial response
149
Premature ventricular contraction PVC
Caused by an ectopic focus in the ventricles that stimulates the cells and causes an early contraction
150
Proarrhythmic
Tending to cause arrhythmias; many of the drugs used to treat arrhythmias have been found to generate them
151
Tachycardia
Faster than normal heart rate, usually greater than 100 bpm
152
Anemia
Increased red blood cell count
153
Band cell
Slightly immature neutrophil
154
Blast cell
Primitive white blood cell
155
Cytokine
Proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and, immune responses
156
Differentation
Development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell
157
Erythrocyte
A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; red blood cell
158
Erythropoiesis
Process of the formation of red blood cells
159
Erythropoietin 
Hormone produced, primarily by the kidney; necessary for Erythropoiesis 
160
Fibrin 
Filamentous protein; basis of thrombus and blood clot
161
Fibrinogen 
Protein, converted into fibrin to form, thrombus and clot
162
Fibrinolysis
Process of breakdown of fibrin clot
163
Granulocyte
Granulated white blood cell; i.e. neutrophil eosinoPhil basophil
164
Hematocrit
Percentage of total blood volume consisting of red blood cells
165
Hematopoiesis
Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells
166
Hemoglobin
Iron, containing protein of red blood cells; delivers oxygen to tissues
167
Homeostasis
Intricate balance between clot formation, and clot disillusion
168
Leukocyte
One of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body; subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils ,monocytes, and lymphocytes; White blood cells
169
Leukopenia
Less than normal amount of white blood cells in circulation
170
Lymphocyte
Form of white blood cell involved in immune functions
171
Lymphoid
Pertaining to lymphocytes
172
Macrophage
Reticuloendothelial Cells capable of phagocytosis
173
Monocyte
Large white blood cell that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues
174
Myeloid
Pertaining to non-lymphoid blood cells that differentiate into red blood cells, platelets macrophages, mast cells, and various white blood cells
175
Myelopoiesis
Formation and maturation of cells, derived from myeloid stem cells
176
Natural killer cells NK
Lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells
177
Neutrophil
Fully immature, white blood cell capable of phagocytosis; primary defense against bacterial infection
178
Oxyhemoglobin
Combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; primarily found in arterial blood
179
Phagocytosis
Process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies
180
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
181
Plasminogen
Pro Tien, converted to plasmin to dissolve, thrombi and clots
182
Platelet
A cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation; also called thrombocyte
183
Red blood cell RBC
A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also called erythrocytes 
184
Reticuloendothelial system
Complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis
185
Reticulocytes
Slightly immature, red blood cells usually only 1% of total circulating red blood cells
186
Serum
Portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs
187
Stem cell
Primitive cell capable of self replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
188
Stroma
Component of the bone marrow, not directly related to the hematopoiesis but serves important supportive roles in this process
189
Thrombocytes 
A cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation; platelet
190
White blood cell wbc
One of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body; subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
191
Angiotensin converting enzyme, inhibitors AC E
Drug that blocks AC E, the enzyme, responsible for converting angiotensin, one to angiotensin two in the lungs; this blocking prevents the vasoconstriction, and aldosterone , release related to Angiotension two
192
Angiotension two receptors
Specific receptors found in blood vessels, and in the adrenal gland that react with angiotension two to cause vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
193
Baroreceptors
Pressure receptors; located in the arch of the aorta , and in the carotid artery; responds to changes in pressure and influences. The medulla to stimulate the sympathetic system to increase or decrease blood pressure.
194
Essential, hypertension
Sustained blood pressure above normal limits with no discernible underlying cause
195
Cardiovascular center
Area of the medulla, at which stimulation will activate the sympathetic nervous system to increase blood pressure and heart rate
196
Hypotension
Sustained blood pressure that is lower than that required to adequately perfuse all of the bodies tissues
197
Peripheral resistance
Force that resists the flow blood through the vessels, mostly determined by the arterioles, which contract to increase resistance; important in determining overall blood pressure
198
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Compensatory process that leads to increased blood pressure and blood volume to ensure a perfusion of the kidneys; important in the continual regulation of blood pressure
199
Shock
Severe hypotension that can lead to accumulation of waste products and cell death
200
Stroke, volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each beat; important in determining blood pressure
201
Angina pectoris 
Suffocation of the chest; pain caused by the imbalance between oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle, and demand for oxygen by the heart muscle
202
Atheroma
Plaque in the endothelial lining of arteries contains fat blood cells, lipids, inflammatory agents, and platelets; leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the artery, stiffening of the artery and loss of distensibility and responsiveness
203
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of atheromas, swelling and accumulation of platelets; leads to a loss of elasticities and responsiveness to normal stimuli
204
Coronary artery disease, CAD
Characterized by progressive narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to a decreased delivery of oxygen to cardiac muscle cells
205
Myocardial infraction
End result of vessel, blockage in the heart; leads to ischemia, and then necrosis of the area cut off from the blood supply; dead cells replaced by scar tissue
206
Nitrate
Drugs used to cause, direct relaxation of smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation and decreased venous return to the heart, with decreased resistance to blood flow; this rapidly decreases oxygen demand in the heart, and can restore the balance between blood delivered and blood needed in the heart muscle of patients with angina
207
Prinzmetal Angina
Drop in blood flow through coronary artery caused by a vassospasm in the artery
208
Pulse pressure
The systolic pressure minus the diastolic blood pressure; reflects the filling pressure of the coronary arteries
209
Stable angina
Pan. Due to the imbalance of myocardial, oxygen supply and demand; the pain is relieved by rest or stoppage of activity.
210
Unstable angina
Episodes of myocardial ischemia with pain due to the imbalance of myocardial, oxygen supply and demand when the person is at rest and/or at unpredictable times
211
Hypertensive emergency
An emergent situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage
212
Hypertensive urgency
An urgent situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated, but there is no evidence of impending or progressive target organ damage
213
Isolated systolic, hypertension
I just order most commonly seen in older adults in which the systolic pressure is greater than 140 and the diastolic pressure is less than 80
214
Masked hypertension
Blood pressure that is typically suggestive of a diagnosis of hypertension that is paradoxically normal in healthcare settings
215
Primary hypertension
High blood pressure with no Identifiable, cars; essential, hypertension 
216
Rebound, hypertension
Blood pressure in a patient with hypertension that is controlled with medication and becomes abnormally high with the abrupt discontinuation of that medication
217
Resistant, hypertension
High blood pressure treated with three or more antihypertensive medication’s of different classes; one of these must be a diarrhetic agent
218
Secondary hypertension
High blood pressure from an identified caused such as chronic kidney disease
219
Target organ damage
Manifestations of pathos physiologic changes in various organs as a consequence of hypertension
220
White coat, hypertension
Blood pressure that increases to hypertensive readings and healthcare, said settings that is paradoxically within normal ranges in other settings
221
Ambulatory surgery
Includes outpatient, same day or short stay surgery that does not require an overnight hospital stay
222
Bariatrics
Having to do with patients with obesity
223
History and physical
Mandatory form completed by the surgeon that gives a comprehensive overview of the patient’s history, current physical status, and plan of care
224
Informed consent
The patient’s autonomous decision about whether to undergo a surgical procedure based on the nature of the condition, the treatment options and the risks and benefits involved
225
Intra-operative phase
Period of time that begins with the transfer of the patient to the operating room area and continues until the patient is admitted to the post anesthesia care unit
226
Minimally invasive surgery
Surgical procedures that you specialized instruments inserted into the body either through natural orifices are through small incisions
227
Perioperative phase
Period of time that constitutes a surgical experience; includes the preoperative intraoperative and postoperative phases of nursing care
228
Post operative phase
Period of time that begins with the admission of the patient to the post anesthesia care unit and ends after follow up evaluation in the clinical setting our home
229
Pre-admission testing
Diagnostic testing performed before admission to the hospital
230
Pre-operative phase
Period of time from when the decision for surgical intervention is made to win the patient is transferred to the operating room table
231
Absolute Neutrophil count
A calculation of the number of circulating neutrophils derive from the total number of white blood cells, and the percentage of neutrophils counted in a microscope’s visual field
232
Anemia
Decreased red blood cell count
233
Aplasia
Lack of cellular development, i.e. of cells within the bone marrow
234
Cytokines
Proteins produced by leukocytes that are critical for regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis and immune responses
235
Erythrocyte
A cellular component of blood essential to the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; red blood cell
236
Erythroid cells
Any cell that is our will become a mature red blood cell
237
Erythropoietin 
Hormone produced, primarily by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia that is necessary for erythropoiesis
238
Heptoglobulin 
Blood proteins synthesized by the liver; binds free, hemoglobin, released from erythrocytes, which is then removed by the reticuloendothelial system
239
Hemolysis 
Destruction of red blood cells with release of cellular components into the circulation may occur within or outside the vasculature
240
Hemosiderin
Iron, containing pigment, derive from the breakdown of hemoglobin
241
Hypochromia
Power within the red blood cells caused by decreased hemoglobin Contant
242
Leukemia
Uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells
243
Lymphopenia
Olympus account less than 1500
244
Megaloblastic, anemia
A type of anemia characterized by abnormally, large, nucleated red blood cells
245
Microcytosis
Smaller than normal red blood cells
246
Neutropenia
Lower than normal number of neutrophils
247
Normochromatic
Normal red blood cell color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin
248
Normocytic
Normal size of red blood cells
249
Pancytopenia
Abnormal decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
250
Petechiae
Tiny capillary hemorrhages
251
Poikilocytosis
Variation and shape of red blood cells
252
Polycythemia
Excess red blood cells
253
Reticulocytes
Slightly immature, red blood cells usually 1% of total number of circulating red blood cells
254
Spherocytes
Small spherically shaped red blood cells
255
Thrombocytopenia
Lower than normal platelet count
256
Thrombocytosis
Higher than normal platelet count
257
Missuse
Overuse with potentially harmful consequences
258
Addiction
Physical, mental and behavioral reliance to alcohol, other CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, opiate, hallucinations, cannibal, cannibal oils, and the non-substance addiction to gambling
259
Core concepts addiction
A composite for chronic requirement. They need is so strong as degenerate distress and physical or psychological, if left unfulfilled.
260
Core concept intoxication
Estate of disturbance and cognition, perception behavior, level of consciousness, judgment, and other functions that is directly attributable to the effects of a psychoactive drug. It may be marked by a physical and mental state of acceleration and emotional frenzy or lethargy and stupor.
261
Intoxication
Development of a reversible syndrome of symptoms, following excessive use of a substance
262
Core concept withdrawal
Withdrawal is the physiological and mental readjustment that accompanies the discontinuation of an addictive substance
263
Withdrawal
Occurs upon abrupt reduction or discontinuation of a substance that has been used regularly over a prolonged. Period.
264
Opioid
Group of compounds that includes opium, opium, derivatives and synthetic substitute. Opioids exert both sedative and analgesic effects and their major medical uses are for the relief of pain treatment of diarrhea and relief of coughing.
265
Bacteriuria
Bacteria in the urine
266
Catheter associated urinary tract infection CAUTI
Are urinary tract infection associated with indwelling urinary catheter’s
267
Cystectomy
Surgical removal of the urinary bladder
268
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
269
Functional incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine due to physical or cognitive impairment
270
Iatrogenic incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine due to extrinsic medical factors
271
Ileal conduit
Transplantation of the ureters to an isolated section of the terminal ileum, with one of the ureters brought to the abdominal wall; ilial loop 
272
Interstitial cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder wall that eventually causes disintegration of the lining and loss of bladder elasticity
273
Micturition 
Voiding or urination
274
Mixed incontinence
Involuntary urinary leakage associated with the urgency, and also with exertion, effort, sneezing or coughing
275
Neurogenic bladder
Bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction of the nervous system and leads to urinary incontinence
276
Nocturia
Awakening at night to urinate
277
Overflow incontinence
Involuntary your in-laws associated with overdistention of the bladder
278
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
279
Pylonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
280
Peoria
White blood cells in the urine
281
Residual urine
You’re in that remains in the bladder after voiding
282
Stress incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine through an intact urethra as a result of exertion, sneezing, coughing, or changing position
283
Suprapubic catheter
A urinary catheter that is inserted through a suprapubic incision into the bladder
284
Ureterovesical are vesicoureteral reflux
Backward flow of urine from the bladder into one or both ureters
285
Urethitis 
Inflammation of the urethra
286
Urethrovesical reflux
An obstruction to free-flowing urine, leading to the reflux of urine from the urethra into the bladder
287
Urge incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong urge to void that cannot be suppressed
288
Urinary frequency
Voiding more than every three hours
289
Urinary incontinence
Unplanned, involuntary, or uncontrolled loss of urine from the bladder
290
Urosepsis
Spread of infection from the urinary tract to the bloodstream that results in a systemic infection
291
Bile
Fluid produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder that contains cholesterol and bile salt; essential for the proper breakdown and absorption of fats
292
Chyme
Contents of the stomach containing ingested, food and secreted enzymes, water, and mucus
293
Gallstones
Hard crystals formed in the gallbladder, when the bile containing many crystalline substances is concentrated
294
Gastrin
Substance secreted by the stomach in response to many stimuli; stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from the Parietal cells, and pepsin from the chief cells; causes histamine release at histamine two receptors to affect the release of acid
295
Acute coronary syndrome
A constellation of signs and symptoms due to the rupture of Arthur, scholastic, plaque and resulting partial or complete thrombosis within a diseased Coronary artery
296
After load
The amount of resistance to rejection of blood from the ventricle
297
Apical impulse
Impulse normally palpated at the fifth intercostal space left midclavicular line caused by contraction of the left ventricle
298
Atrioventricular node
Secondary pacemaker of the heart located in the right, atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
299
Baroreceptors
Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for control of the blood pressure
300
Cardiac catheterization
An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures, and assess patency of the coronary arteries
301
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle and liters per minute
302
Cardiac stress test
A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand; test may be initiated by exercise or medication’s
303
Contractility 
Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
304
Depolarization
Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while Potassium exits the cell.
305
Diastole 
Period of ventricular, relaxation, resulting in ventricular filling
306
Ejection fraction
Percentage of the end, diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
307
Hemodynamic monitoring
The use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function
308
Hypertension
Blood pressure that is persistently greater than 130/80
309
Hypotension
A decrease in blood pressure to less than 90/60 that compromises systemic perfusion
310
Murmurs
Sounds created by abnormal turbulent flow of blood in the heart
311
Myocardial ischemia
Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
312
Myocardium
Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
313
Normal heart sounds
Sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (Atrioventricular ) and S2 (Semi lunar)
314
Opening snaps
Abnormal diastolic sounds generated during opening of rigid, atrioventricular valve leaflets
315
Preload
Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole 
316
Pulmonary vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow out of the right ventricle, created by the pulmonary circulatory system
317
Pulse deficit 
The difference between the apical and the radial pulse rates
318
Radio isotopes
Unstable Adams that give off small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays as they decay; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
319
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell
320
S1
The first heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular; mitral and tricuspid; valves
321
S2
The second heart sound produced by closure of the semi lunar; aortic and pulmonic ; valves
322
S3
An abnormal heart sound detected, early in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering, either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure
323
S4
An abnormal heart sound detected, late in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering, either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hypertrophy of the ventricle
324
Sinoatrial node
Primary pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium
325
Stroke, volume
Amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
326
Summation gallop
Abnormal sounds created by the presence of an S3 and S4 during periods of tachycardia
327
Systemic, vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle, created by the systemic circulatory system
328
Systole
. A ventricular contraction resulting an ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta 
329
Systolic click
Add normal systolic sound, created by the opening of a calcified aorta carpal Malik valve during ventricular contraction
330
Telemetry 
The process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery operated transmitter worn by the patient
331
Ablation
Purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to correct or eliminate an arrhythmia
332
Arrhythmia
Disorder of the formation or conduction, or both of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both, and potentially causing, altered blood flow; also referred to as dysrhythmia
333
Artifact
Distorted, irrelevant, and extraneous electrocardiographic waveforms
334
Automaticity 
Ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse
335
Cardiac re-synchronization therapy
Biventricle pacing, used to correct intrerventricle, intra-ventricle, and atrioventricle conduction disturbances that occur in patients with heart failure
336
Cardioversion
Electrical current given and synchrony with the patient’s own QRS complex to stop arrhythmia
337
Chronotropy
Rate of impulse formation
338
Conduction
Transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
339
Defibrillation
Electrical current given to stop in arrhythmia not synchronized with the patients QRS complex
340
Depolarization
Process by which cardiac muscle cells change them or negatively, charged him more positively charged intracellular, State
341
Dromotropy
Conduction velocity
342
Electrocardio gram
A record of a test that graphically measures the electrical activity of the heart, including each phase of the cardiac cycle
343
Implantable, cardioverter defibrillator
A device implanted into the chest wall to treat arrhythmias
344
Inotropy 
Force of myocardial contraction
345
P-wave
The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
346
Paroxysmal 
Arrhythmia that has a sudden onset and terminate spontaneously; usually a short duration, but may reoccur
347
PP interval
The duration between the beginning of one P wave, and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm
348
PR interval
The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the Sino atrial node through the atrioventricular node
349
QRS complex
The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization
350
QT interval
The part of an ECG, that reflects the time from the ventricular depolarization through repolarization
351
Repolarization
Process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged interest cellular condition. Their resting state.
352
RR intervals
The duration between the beginning of one QRS complex, and the beginning of the next QRS complex; used to calculate, ventricular rate and rhythm
353
Sinus rhythm
Electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial node
354
ST segment
The part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
355
T wave
The part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles
356
TP. Interval
The part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave in the beginning of the P-wave; he used to identify the isoelectric line
357
U wave
The part of an ECG that may reflect per Purkinje , fiber, repolarization; usually it is not seeing unless a patient serum. Potassium level is low.
358
Annuloplasty
Repair of a cardiac valves outer ring
359
Aortic valve
Semilunar valve located between the left ventricle, and the aorta
360
Autograft
Heart valve replacement made from the patient’s own heart valve
361
Bioprosthesis
Heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart; heterograft
362
Cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
363
Chorde tendineae
Nondistensible, fibrous strands, connecting, papillary muscles to atrial ventricle (Mitral and tricuspid ) Valve leaflets 
364
Commissurotomy
Splitting or separating fused, cardiac valve leaflets
365
Ejection fraction
Percentage of the end, diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
366
Homograft
Heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve
367
Leaflet repair
Repair of a cardiac valves, movable flaps
368
Mitral valve
Atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
369
Orthotopic transplantation
The recipients hired is removed, and a donor heart is grafted into the same site
370
Prolapse of a valve
Stretching of an atrioventricular, heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole
371
Pulmonic valve
Semi lunar valve, located between the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery
372
Regurgitation
Backward flow of blood through a heart valve
373
Stenosis
Narrowing obstruction of a cardiac valve orifice
374
Total artificial heart
Mechanical device used to add a feeling heart replacing the right, and left ventricles
375
Tri cuspid valve
Atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
376
Valve replacement
Insertion of either a mechanical, prosthetic valve, or a bioprosthetic, homeo graft or autographed tissue valve at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve to restore normal blood flow through the heart
377
Valvuloplasty
Repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, or leaflet repair 
378
Ventricular assist device
Mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle
