Class 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Mental illness
A
Maladaptive responses To stressors from the internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and cultural norms, and interfere with the individuals, social, occupational, and or physical functioning
2
Q
Fight or flight syndrome
A
Alarm reaction stage; during this stage, the response of the flight or flight syndrome are initiated
Stage of resistance; the individual uses the physiological response of the first stage as a defense, in an attempt to adapt to the stressor. If adaption occurred, the third stage is prevented are delayed. Physiological symptoms may disappear.
Stage of exhaustion; the stage occurs when there is a prolonged exposure to the stressor to which the body has become adjusted. The adaptive energy is depleted, and the individual can no longer draw from the resources for adoption described in the first two stages. Diseases of adoption (Headaches, mental disorders, coronary artery, disease, ulcers, colitis ) May occur. Without intervention for reversal, exhaustion, or even death ensues 
3
Q
Anxiety
A
Anxiety is a feeling of discomfort and apprehension related to fear of impending danger. Individuals may be unaware of the source of their anxiety, which is often accompanied by feelings of uncertainty and helplessness.
4
Q
Grief
A
Grief is a subjective feeling of sorrow and sadness, accompanied by emotional, physical, and social responses to the loss of a loved person or thing
5
Q
Mental health
A
Need successful adoption to stressors from internal or external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age, appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms
6
Q
Coping skills
A
Coping behaviors that enhance one’s adaption
7
Q
Ego defense mechanisms
A
Used either consciously or unconsciously as protective devices for the ego in an effort to relieve mild to moderate anxiety. They become maladaptive when an individual uses them to such a degree that the defense mechanism interferes with the ability to deal with reality, with interpersonal relations, or with occupational performance
8
Q
Neurosis
A
Is psychiatric disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety that is expressed directly or altered through defense mechanisms. Although there is no gross distortion of reality or severe personality, disorganization, the symptoms are significant enough to impair a persons functioning.
9
Q
Psychosis
A
Significant thought disturbance, in which reality testing is impaired, resulting in delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, speech, or catatonic behavior
10
Q
Therapeutic relationship
A
An interaction between two people in which input from both participants contributes to a climate of healing, growth, promotion, and/or illness prevention
11
Q
Rapport
A
Implies special feelings on the part of both the patient and the nurse based on acceptance, warmth, friendliness, common interest, a sense of trust, and a nonjudgmental attitude
12
Q
Unconditional positive regard
A
The attitude is nonjudgmental, and the respect is unconditional, and that it does not depend on the behavior of the patient to meet certain standards
13
Q
Genuineness
A
The nurses ability to be open, honest, and real and interactions with the patient
14
Q
Empathy
A
The ability to see beyond outward behavior and understand the situation from the patient’s point of view 
15
Q
Transference
A
When the patient unconsciously displaces to the nurse feelings, formed toward a person from their past
16
Q
Counter transference
A
The nurses, behavioral and emotional responses to the patient
17
Q
Communication
A
An interactive process of transmitting information between two or more entities
18
Q
Territoriality
A
The innate tendency to own space
19
Q
Density
A
The number of people within a given environmental space, and it has been shown to influence interpersonal interaction
20
Q
Paralanguage
A
Vocal component of the spoken word. It consists of pitch, tone, and loudness of spoken messages, the rate of speaking, expressively placed positive, and emphasis assigned to certain words.
21
Q
Therapeutic communication
A
Caregiver verbal and nonverbal techniques that focus on the Care receivers, needs and advance, the promotion of healing and change. Therapeutic communication encourages exploration of feelings and fosters understanding of behavioral motivation. It is nonjudgmental, discourages, defensiveness, and promotes trust.
22
Q
Nursing process
A
Provides a systematic framework for the delivery of nursing care
ADPIE
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation 
23
Q
Assessment
A
A systematic, dynamic process by which the registered nurse, through interaction with the patient, family, groups, communities, populations, and healthcare providers, Collects and analyzes data. Assessment may include the following dimensions, physical, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual, cognitive, functional abilities, developmental, economic, and lifestyle.
24
Q
Nursing diagnosis
A
A nursing diagnosis involves clinical judgments concerning human responses to health conditions and life processes, or susceptibility to responses, that are recognized, in an individual, caregiver, family, group, or community. It also provides a basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes, for which the nurse has accountability.
25
Outcomes
Outcomes are patient behaviors, and responses that are collaboratively agreed upon, measurable, desired results of nursing interventions
26
Planning
Planning involves selection of nursing interventions, directed toward helping the patient achieve identified outcomes
27
Implementation
Implementation is the execution of identified nursing interventions
28
Evaluation
The process of determining the patient’s progress toward attainment of expected outcomes and the effectiveness of the registered nurses interventions
29
Ethics
Branch of philosophy, that deals with systematic approaches to distinguishing right from wrong behavior
30
Bioethics
The term applied to these principles when they refer to concepts within the scope of medicine, Nursing, and allied health
31
Morals
Fundamental standards of right and wrong that are learned and internalized
32
Moral behavior
Conduct that result from serious critical, thinking about how individuals are to treat others
33
Values
Personal beliefs, and ideas about what is important and desirable
34
Values clarification
Process of self exploration through which individuals identify and rank their own personal values
35
Rights
Expectations to which an individual is entitled either by establish laws, policies, or ethical principles. A right is absolute when there is no restriction whatsoever on the individuals entitlement.
36
Utilitarianism
This principal holds that actions are right to the degree that They tend to promote happiness and wrong, if they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
37
Kantianism
Directly opposed to utilitarianism. It is not the consequences or results that make an action right or wrong rather, it is the principal or motivation on which the action is best. That is the Morley decisive factor.
38
Divine command, ethics
Decision making is focused on what is commanded by God
39
Christian ethics
Ethical decisions are based in the way of life and teachings of Jesus Christ
40
Natural law theory
Based on the writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and advances the idea that decisions about right versus wrong or self evident, and determined by human nature
41
Ethical egoism
What is right and good is what is best for the individual making a decision
42
Ethical dilemma
A situation that requires an individual to make a choice between two equally balanced alternatives
43
Autonomy
Individuals are capable of making independent choices for themselves
44
Beneficence 
One’s duty to benefit or promote the good of others
45
Advocacy
Acting on another’s behalf, being a supporter or defender
46
Non-malfeasance
Requirement that healthcare providers do no harm to their patients, either intentionally or unintentionally
47
Justice
The right of individuals to be treated equally and fairly regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, medical diagnosis, social, standing, economic, level, or religious beliefs
48
Veracity
One’s duty to always be truthful
49
Statutory law
A law that has been enacted by legislative body, such as a county or city council
50
Common-law
Drive from decisions made in previous cases
51
Civil law
Protects the private and property, rights of individuals and businesses
52
Tort
Violation of a civil on which an individual has been wrong
53
Criminal law
Provides protection from conduct deemed interest to the public welfare
54
Informed consent
Preservation and protection of individual autonomy, and determining what well, and will not happen to the persons body
55
False imprisonment
Deliberate and unauthorized confinement of a competent person with the intent to prevent them from leaving the hospital; this include use of threats or medication’s that interfere with the clients ability to leave the facility
56
Negligence
Failure to exercise the care toward others that are reasonable or prudent person would do in the circumstances, or taking action at such a reasonable person, would not
57
Malpractice
An act or continuing conduct of a professional that does not meet the standard of professional competence and results and provable damages to their client or patient
58
Acculturate
Give up, cultural practices are values as a result of contact with another group
59
Assimilate
Incorporating practices and values of the majority culture
60
Distance
The means by which various cultures use space to communicate
61
Enculturation or socialization
Cultural behavior socially acquired 
62
Individualistic culture
Believe that people should take responsibility for themselves and do what they want to do independent of the opinions of family and community
63
Collectivist culture
Input from family and friends is highly valued
64
Cultural syndromes
Specific to a cultural group, and do not share an exact correlation to any diagnostic categories, listed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition
65
Milieu Therapy
The scientific structuring of the environment, in order to affect behavioral changes, and improve the psychological health and functioning of the individual
66
Group
A group is a collection of individuals, whose association is founded on shared interest, values, norms, or purpose. Membership in a group is generally by chance, by choice, or by circumstance.
67
Group therapy
Group therapy is a form of psychological treatment in which a number of clients meet together with a therapist for purposes of sharing, getting personal insight, and improving interpersonal coping strategies
68
Autocratic leaders
Have personal goals for the group, they withhold information from group members, particularly issues that may interfere with achievement of their own objectives
69
Democratic leaders
Focus on the members of the group, information is shared with members in an effort to allow them to make decisions regarding achieving the goals for the group
70
Laissez-faire, Leader
Non-involvement, goals for this group are undefined, no decisions are made. No problems are solved, and no action is taken.
71
Psychodrama
Clients become actors in life situation scenarios
72
Family
Two or more individuals who depend on one another for emotional, physical and economical support. The members of the family are self defined.
A treatment modality that identifies the family, rather than any one individual, as the client. The family is assisted to solve identified problems within the context of the family group. 
73
Genogram
A visual presentation of the members, the relationships, and sometimes their health issues, across several generations. It provides a convenient way to visualize and summarize a great deal of information in a concise format.
74
Crisis
A crisis is an acute event perceived by the individual as distressing, and in which coping mechanisms and support systems, are inadequate to manage associated anxiety
75
Dispositional crisis
An acute response to an external situational stressor
76
Crisis of anticipated, life transitions
Normal lifecycle transitions may be anticipated, but the individual may feel a lack of control over them
77
Crisis resulting from traumatic stress
Crisis, precipitated by an unexpected external stressor, over which the individual has little or no control, resulting in feelings of being emotionally, overwhelmed, and defeated
78
Maturational and developmental crisis
Crisis that occur in response to failed attempts to master, developmental task, associated with transitions in the lifecycle
79
Crisis, reflecting psychopathology
A crisis that is influenced or triggered by pre-existing psychopathology. Examples of psychopathology that may precipitate crisis, include personality, disorders, anxiety, disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
80
Psychiatric emergencies
Crisis situation’s, in which general functioning has been severely impaired, and the individual rendered incompetent or unable to assume personal responsibility for their behavior. Examples include acutely, suicidal individuals, drug overdoses, reactions to hallucinogenic, drugs, acute psychosis, uncontrollable, anger, and alcohol intoxication.l
81
Anger
Is often described as a secondary emotion. For example, it may be a response to unresolved, grief, depression, fear, anxiety, or unresolved post traumatic stress. 
82
Aggression
Includes verbal and physical attacks that intend harm to another, and often reflect a desire for dominance and control
83
Prodromal Syndrome 
Characterized by anxiety and tension, verbal abuse and profanity and increasing hyper activity. These escalating behavior usually do not occur in stages, but most often overlap, and sometimes occur simultaneously.
84
Recovery
Recovery is an ongoing process of movement toward improvement in health and quality of life
85
Hope
Is internalized, and can be fostered by peers, families, providers, allies, and others. Hope is the catalyst of the recovery process.
86
Suicide
Not a diagnosis or a disorder; it is a behavior
87
Suicide risk factors
Identified as factors that have statistically been correlated with higher incidence of suicide
88
Suicide, warning, signs
Identified as factor suggesting a more immediate concern
89
Primary prevention
Services aimed at reducing the incidence of mental disorders within the population
90
Secondary prevention
Interventions aimed at minimizing early symptoms of psychiatric illnesses, and directed toward reducing the prevalence and duration of the illness
91
Tertiary prevention
Services aimed at reducing the residual challenges that are associated with severe and persistent mental illness
92
Community
A group, population or cluster of people with at least one common characteristic, such as geographic location, occupation, ethnicity, or health concerns
93
Social skills training
Training in verbal and nonverbal skills needed for effective interpersonal relationships, Rehabilitation and recovery, and family therapy 
94
Psychosis
A severe mental condition in which there is disorganization of the personality, deterioration of social functioning, and lots of contact with or distortion of reality. There may be evidence of hallucinations and delusions. Psychosis can occur with or without the presence of organic impairment.
95
Schizophrenia
Disabling mental disorder. In untreated clients or those not responsive to treatment the disturbances and thought processes, perception affect, and behavior invariably result in severe deterioration of social and occupational functioning.
96
Positive symptoms
Referred to as positive symptoms because they are added to the clinical picture. Examples are delusions and hallucinations. Respond with greater empathy to dopamine reducing drugs Than those with negative symptoms
97
Negative symptoms
Deficits, such as apathy, poverty of ideas and loss of drive
98
Delusions
Fixed false beliefs that are irrational, and that the individual maintains her as true, despite evidence to the contrary. These police are not explainable as part of the persons, usual, religious, or cultural precepts.
99
Loose associations
Characterized by speech in which ideas shift form one unrelated subject to another. Typically the individual with loose associations is unaware that the topics are unconnected. When the condition is severe speech may be incoherent.
100
Antipsychotic
Drug used to treat disorders involving thought processes; dopamine, receptor blocker that helps affected people to organize their thoughts and respond appropriately to stimuli
101
Attention deficit disorder
Behavioral syndrome characterized by an inability to concentrate for longer than a few minutes and excessive activity
102
Bipolar disorder
Behavioral disorder that involves extremes of depression, alternating with hyperactivity and excitement
103
Major tranquilizer
Former name of antipsychotic drugs; the name is no longer used, because it implies that the primary effect of these drugs is sedation, which is no longer thought to be the desired therapeutic action
104
Mania
State of hyperexcitability; one phase of bipolar disorder, which alternate between periods of, severe depression, and mania
105
Narcolepsy
Mental disorder, characterized by daytime, sleepiness, and periods of sudden loss of wakefulness
106
Narcoleptic
A drug with many associated neurological adverse effects that is used to treat disorders that involve thought processes i.e. schizophrenia
107
Schizophrenia
The most common type of psychosis; characteristics include hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, speech, abnormalities, and affective problems
108
Anti-colinergic
Drugs that oppose the effects of acetylcholine at acetylcholine receptor sites
109
Belladonna
A plant that contains atropine as an alkaloid; used to dilate pupils in a fashion statement in the past; used in herbal medicines, such as atropine is used today
110
Cycloplegia
Inability of the lens in the eye to accommodate near vision, causing blurring and inability to see near objects
111
Mydriasis
Relaxation of the muscles around the pupil, leading to pupil dilation
112
Parasympatholytic
Lysing, or preventing parasympathetic effects
113
Bradykinesia
Difficulty in performing intentional movements and extreme slowness and sluggishness; characteristic of Parkinson’s disease
114
Corpus striatum
Part of the brain that reacts with the substantia nigra, to maintain a balance of suppression and stimulation
115
Dopaminergic
Drug that increases the effects of dopamine at receptor sites
116
Parkinson’s disease
Debilitating disease characterized by progressive loss of coordination and function, which results from the degeneration of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra
117
Parkinsonism
Parkinson’s disease like extrapyramidal symptoms that are adverse effects associated with particular drugs or brain injuries
118
Substantia nigra
A part of the brain region dopamine and dopamine receptors; sight of the generating neurons in Parkinson disease
119
Air trapping
Incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue expiration ( Emphysema ), Bronchospasm (Asthma ), or Airway obstruction 
120
Alpha one antitrypsin deficiency
Genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of alpha-1, anti-trypsin, a protective agent for the lungs; increases patient’s risk for developing panacinar emphysema, even in the absence of smoking
121
Asthma
A heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation; defined by history of symptoms, such as wheezes, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time and in intensity
122
Bronchiectasis
Chronic, irreversible, dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that result from the destruction of muscles and elastic connective tissue; dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection
123
Chest percussion
Manually cupping hands over the chest wall and using vibration to mobilize secretions, by mechanically dislodging, viscous or adherent secretions in the lungs
124
Chest physiotherapy CPT
Therapy used to remove bronchial, secretions, improve, ventilation, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory muscles; types include postural, drainage, chest, percussion, and vibration, and breathing retraining
125
Chronic bronchitis
A disease of the airway is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production, for at least a combined total of three months in each of the two consecutive years
126
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease, COPD
Disease state characterized by airflow, limitation, that is not fully reversible; sometimes referred to as chronic airway obstruction or chronic obstructive lung disease
127
Desaturate
A precipitous drop in the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
128
Dry powder, inhaler dpi
A compact, portable, inspiratory flow driven inhaler that delivers dry powder medication’s into the patient’s lungs
129
Emphysema
A disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of over distended alveoli
130
Flutter valve
Portable, handheld mucus clearance device, consisting of a tube with an osculating steel ball inside; upon expiration high frequency, escalations, facilitate mucous expectoration 
131
Fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO2
Concentration of oxygen delivered
132
Hypoxemia
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
133
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
134
Polycythemia
Increase in the red blood cell concentration in the blood; in COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen, carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts of red blood cells
135
Postural drainage
Positioning the patient to allow drainage from all lobes of the lungs and airways
136
Pressurized metered dose inhaler PMDI
A compact, portable patient activated, pressurized Medication canister that provides aerosolized medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
137
Small volume nebulizer, SVN
A handheld generator driven medication delivery system that provides aerosolized liquid medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
138
Spirometry
Pulmonary function test that measures specific lung volumes, and rates may be measured before and after bronchodilator administration
139
Vibration 
A type of massage given by quickly, tapping the chest with fingertips, or alternating the fingers in a rhythmic manner, or by using a mechanical device to assist and mobilizing lung secretions
140
Acute coronary syndrome
A constellation of signs and symptoms due to the rupture of atherosclerotic , plaque and result in partial or complete thrombosis within a diseased Coronary artery
141
Afterload
The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
142
Apical impulse
Impulse normally palpated, at the fifth intercostal space, left ventricular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle; also known as point of maximal impulse
143
Atrial ventricular node, AV
Secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right, atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
144
Baroreceptors
Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and Carotid arteries that are responsible for control of blood pressure
145
Cardiac catheterization
An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures, and assess patency of the coronary arteries
146
Cardiac conduction system
Specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
147
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute
148
Cardiac stress test
A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand; test may be initiated by exercise or medication’s.
149
Contractility 
Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
150
Depolarization
Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell wall while Potassium exits the cell.
151
Diastole 
Period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling.
152
Ejection fraction
Percentage of the end, diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
153
Hemodynamic monitoring
The use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function
154
Hypertension
Blood pressure that is persistently greater than 130/80
155
Hypotension
A decrease in blood pressure to less than 90/60 that compromises systematic perfusion
156
Murmurs
Sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
157
Myocardial ischemia
Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
158
Myocardium
Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
159
Normal heart sounds
Sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 atrioventricular valves, and S2 semilunar valves
160
Opening snaps
Abnormal diastolic sounds generated during opening of Rigid atrioventricular valve leaflets
161
Orthostatic hypotension
A significant drop in blood pressure (20 systolic or more than 10 diastolic or more ), After an upright posture is assumed 
162
Preload
Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of Diastole 
163
Pulmonary vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow out of the right ventricle, created by the pulmonary circulatory system
164
Pulse deficit
The difference between the apical and radial pulse rates
165
Radio isotopes
Unstable atoms that give a small amount of energy in the form of gamma rays as they DK; used in cardiac nuclear medicine, studies
166
Repolarization
Return of the cell to the resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell wall, sodium exits, the cell
167
S1
The first heart sound produced by closure of the atrialventricular (Mitral and tricuspid ) Valves 
168
S2
The second heart sound produced by closure of the semi lunar (aortic and polemic) Valves 
169
S3
An abnormal heart sound detected early and diastole as resistance is met to blood entering, either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure
170
S4
An abnormal heart sound detected late and diastole as resistance is Met to blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hyper trophy of the ventricle
171
Sino atrial node SA
Primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium
172
Stroke, volume
Amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
173
Summation gallop
Abnormal sounds created by the presence of an S3 and S4 during periods of tachycardia
174
Systemic, vascular resistance
Resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle, created by the systemic circulatory system
175
Systole
Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
176
Systolic click
Abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified, aortic or pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction
177
Telemetry 
The process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery operated transmitter worn by the patient
178
Ablation
Purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to correct or eliminate an arrhythmia
179
Arrhythmia
Disorder of the formation or conduction, or both of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, rhythm, or both, and potentially causing, altered blood flow; also referred to as dysrhythmia
180
Artifact
Distorted, irrelevant, and extraneous electrocardiographic waveforms
181
Automaticity
Ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse
182
Cardiac re-synchronization therapy CRT
Biventricular pacing used to correct interventricular, intra-ventricular, and atrioventricular conduction disturbances that occur in patients with heart failure
183
Cardioversion
Electrical current given in synchrony with patients on QRS complex to stop an arrhythmia
184
Chronotrophy
Rate of impulse formation
185
Conduction
 Conduction transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
186
Defibrillation
Electrical current given to stop an arrhythmia, not synchronized with the patient QRS complex
187
Depolarization
Process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular, State 
188
Dromotropy
Conduction velocity
189
Electrocardiogram ECG
A record of a test, that graphically measures the electrical activity of the heart, including each phase of the cardiac cycle
190
Implantable cardioverter Defibrillator ICD
A device implanted into the chest wall to treat arrhythmias
191
Inotropy
Force of myocardial contraction
192
P-wave
The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
193
Paroxysmal
Arrhythmia that has a sudden onset and terminate spontaneously; usually of short duration, but may reoccur
194
PP interval
The duration between the beginning of one P wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm
195
PR interval
The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the Sino atrial node through the atrial ventricular node
196
QRS complex
The part of an ECG, that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization
197
QT interval
Apart of an ECG, that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization
198
Repolarization
Process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular conduction, they’re resting state
199
RR intervals
The duration between the beginning of one QRS complex, in the beginning of the next QRS complex; used to calculate, ventricular, rhythm, and rate
200
Sinus rhythm
Electrical activity of the heart initiated by the Sino atrial node
201
ST segment
The part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
202
TP. Interval
The part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave in the beginning of the next P-wave semicolon used to identify the isoelectric line
203
U wave
The part of an ECG that may reflect for purkinje fibers repolarization; usually, it is not seen unless the patient’s serum potassium level is low
204
Alveoli
The respiratory sac, the smallest unit of the lungs were gas exchange occurs
205
Asthma
Disorder characterized by recurrent and reversible episodes of bronchospasm; i.e. bronchial, muscle spasms, leading to narrow or obstructed airways
206
Atelectasis 
Collapse of once expanded alveoli
207
Bronchial tree
The conducting airways leading into the alveoli; they branch, smaller, and smaller, appearing much like a tree
208
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease, COPD Chronic condition that occurs over time; often the result of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and/or refractory asthma; obstruction is not fully reversible
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease, COPD Chronic condition that occurs over time; often the result of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and/or refractory asthma; obstruction is not fully reversible
209
Cilia
Microscopic, hair-like projections of the epithelial cell membrane, lining the upper respiratory tract, which are constantly moving and directing the mucus and any trapped substance toward the throat
210
Common cold
Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that initiates the release of histamine and prostaglandins and causes an inflammatory response
211
Cough
 Reflexive response to irritation in the conducting airways, results, and expelling a forced air through the mouth
212
Cystic fibrosis
Hereditary disease, that results in the accumulation of copious amounts of thick secretions in the lungs, which will eventually lead to obstruction of the airways and destruction of the lung tissue
213
Larynx 
The vocal cords, and the epiglottis, which closes, during swallowing to protect the lower respiratory tract from any foreign particles
214
Lower respiratory tract
The bronchi, and the alveoli that make up the lungs; the area where gas exchange takes place
215
Pharynx
The membrane lined cavity that is behind the mouth and nose, and before the esophagus and larynx 
216
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs that can be caused by bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue or by aspiration of foreign substances
217
Pneumothorax
Air in the plural space, exerting high pressure against the alveoli
218
Respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli and capillary
219
Respiratory distress syndrome, RDS
Disorder found in premature neonate. Whose lungs have not had time to mature, and who are lacking sufficient surfactant to maintain open airway, to allow for respiration.
220
Respiratory membrane
Area through which gas exchange must be made; made up of the capillary endothelium, the capillary, basement membrane, the interstitial space, the alveolar, basement membrane, the alveolar, endothelium, and the surfactant layer
221
Seasonal rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal cavity, commonly called hayfever; caused by reaction to a specific antigen
222
Sinuses
Air filled passages through the skull that open into the nasal passage
223
Sinusitis 
Inflammation of the epithelial lining of the sinus cavities
224
Sneeze
Reflex response to irritation to receptors in the nares, resulting in expelling a forced air through the nose
225
Surfactant
Lipo proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, allowing them to stay open to allow gas exchange
226
Trachea
The main conducting airway leading into the lungs
227
Upper respiratory tract
The nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The conducting airways were no gas exchange occurs.
228
Ventilation
The movement of gases in and out of the lungs
229
Bronchodilator
Medication used to facilitate respirations by dilating the airways; helpful in symptomatic relief or prevention of bronchial asthma, and bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
230
Cheyne-Stokes, respiration
Abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by apneic periods Followed by periods of tachypnea ; may reflect delayed blood flow through the brain.
231
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Drugs at selectively and competitively blocker antagonize receptors for the production of leukotrienes, D4 and E for, components of slow, reacting, substances of anaphylaxis, SRSA
232
Mast cell stabilizer
Drug that worked at the cellular level to inhibit the release of histamine (Released from mast cells in response to inflammation or irritation ) And the release of slow acting substances of anaphylaxis SRSA
233
Sympathomimetics
Drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
234
Xanthines
Naturally occurring substances, including caffeine and Theophylline , that have a direct effect on the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract, both in the bronchi, and in the blood vessels
235
Acute coronary syndrome, ACS
Signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infraction
236
Angina pectoris
Chest pain brought about by Myocardial ischemia
237
Arheroma
Fibrous cap, composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial, vesicles, and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing bloodflow; also called plaque
238
Arthrosclerosis
Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits, and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and the lumen
239
Contractility
Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
240
Coronary artery bypass graft, CABG
A surgical procedure in which a blood vessel, from another part of the body is grafted onto the included coronary artery below the inclusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage
241
High density lipoprotein HDL
A protein-bound, lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of proteins or lipids than low density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall
242
Ischemia
Insufficient tissue oxygenation
243
Low density lipoprotein LDL
A protein bound, lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of proteins, lipids, than high density lipoprotein exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall
244
Metabolic syndrome
A cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
245
Myocardial infarction MI
Death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood
246
Percutaneous, coronary intervention Angioplasty PTCA
A type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated with an a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery bloodflow
247
Percutaneous, coronary intervention, PCI
A procedure in which a catheter was placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods employed to reduce blockage within the artery
248
Stent
A metal mesh that provide structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure
249
Sudden, cardiac death
Abrupt cessation of effective heart activity
250
Thrombolytic
An agent that breaks down blood clots, alternatively, referred to as a fibrinolytic
251
Troponin
A cardiac muscle biomarker; measurement is used as an indicator of heart muscle injury
252
A fibers
Large diameter, nerve fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with touch and temperature to the spinal cord
253
A delta fibers
Small diameter, nerve fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with pain to the spinal cord
254
C fibers
Unmyelinated, slow conducting fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with pain to the spinal cord
255
Ergot derivative
Drug that causes a vascular constriction in the brain and the periphery; relieves, or prevent migraines headaches, but is associated with many adverse effects
256
Gate control theory
Theory that states that the transmission of a nerve impulse can be modulated at various points along its path by descending fibers from the brain that close the gate and block transmission of pain information, and by A fibers that are able to block transmission in the dorsal horn by closing the gate for the transmission for the A Delta and C fibers
257
Migraine, headache
Headache, characterized by severe, unilateral, pulsating head, pain associated with systemic effects, including gastrointestinal, upset, and sensitization to light and sound; related to hyper perfusion of the brain from arterial dilation
258
Opioids
Drugs originally derived from opium that react with specific opioid receptors throughout the body
259
Opioid Agonist 
Drugs that reacted opioid receptor sites to stimulate the effects of the receptor
260
Opioid agonist antagonist
Drugs that reacted, some opioid receptor sites to simulate their activity, and it other opioid receptor sites to block activity
261
Opioid antagonist
Drugs that block, the opioid receptor sites; used to counteract. The effects of opioids or to treat an overdose of opioid.
262
Opioid receptors
Receptor sites on nerves that react with endorphins, and enkephalins , which are receptive to opioid drugs
263
Pain
A sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
264
Spinothalamic tract
Nerve pathway from the spine to the thalamus, along which pain impulses are carried to the brain
265
Triptan
Selective serotonin, receptor blocker that causes a vascular constriction of cranial vessels; used to treat acute migraine attacks
266
Antihistamines
Drugs that block, the release or action of histamine, a chemical released during inflammation that increases secretions and Narrows airways
267
Antitussives
Drugs that block the cough reflux
268
Decongestant
Drugs that decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract, and decrease the overproduction of secretions
269
Expectorants
Drugs that increase productive, cough to clear the airways
270
Mucolytics
Drugs that increase or liquefy respiratory secretions to aid the clearing of the airways
271
Rebound congestion
A process that occurs when the nasal passages become congested as the effect of decongestant drug wears off; patients tend to use more drug to decrease the congestion, and a vicious circle of congestion, drugs, and congestion develops, leading to the abuse of decongestant; also called Rhinitis medicamentosa
272
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing
273
Broncophony
Abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted, voice sounds heard when osculating the lungs
274
Bronchoscopy
Direct examination of the larynx, trachea and bronchi using an endoscope 
275
Cilia
Short fine hair that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx
276
Compliance
Measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs
277
Crackles
Non-musical discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways heard on chest auscultation
278
Dyspnea 
Subjective experience that describes an uncomfortable or painful, breathing sensation when either at rest, or while walking or climbing stairs; also commonly referred to a shortness of breath
279
Egophony
Abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when osculating the lungs
280
Fremitus
Vibrations of speech felt as tremors of the chest wall during palpation
281
Hemoptysis 
Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract
282
Hypoxemia 
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
283
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
284
Obstructive sleep apnea
Temporary absence of breathing during sleep, secondary to transient upper airway obstruction
285
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath, when lying flat; relieved by sitting or standing
286
Oxygen saturation
Percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen
287
Physiologic dead space
Portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange
288
Pulmonary diffusion
Exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
289
Pulmonary perfusion
Blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
290
Respiration
Gas exchange between atmospheric air, and the blood, and between the blood and cells of the body
291
Rhonchi
Deep low pitch snoring sound associated with partial airway obstruction heard on chest auscultation
292
Strider
Continuous, high-pitched, musical sound heard on inspiration. Best heard over the neck may be heard without use of a stethoscope secondary to upper airway obstruction.
293
Tachypnea
Abnormally, rapid, respirations
294
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired an expired with each breath during normal breathing
295
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of the airways
296
Wheezes
Continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction
297
Whispered pectoriloquy
Whispered sounds, heard loudly, and clearly upon thoracic auscultation 
298
Alaryngel Communication
Alternative motive, speaking that do not involve the normal larynx ; used by patients whose larynx has been surgically removed
299
Aphonia
Impaired ability to use one’s voice due to disease or injury to the larynx 
300
Apnea
Cessation of breathing
301
Dysphasia
Difficulty swallowing
302
Epistaxis
How much from the nose due to a rupture of tiny, distended vessels, and the mucus membrane of any area of the nose
303
Herpes simplex
A cutaneous, viral infection with painful vesicles and erosions on the tongue, palette gingiva buccal membranes or lips; cold sore
304
Laryngectomy
Surgical, removal of all, or part of the larynx and surrounding structures
305
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx; may be caused by voice abuse exposure to irritants or infectious organisms
306
Nuchal rigidity
Stiffness of the neck or inability to bend the neck
307
Pharyngitis 
Inflammation of the throat
308
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose
309
Rhinitis Medicamentosa 
Rebound nasal congestion, commonly associated with overuse of over-the-counter nasal decongestants
310
Rhinorrhea
Drainage of a large amount of fluid from the nose
311
Rhinosinusitis 
Inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses, including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses; replaces the terms sinusitis
312
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils
313
Xerostoma
Dryness of the mouth
314
Acute lung injury
An umbrella term for hypoxemic respiratory failure; equivalent to mild acute respiratory distress syndrome
315
Acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS
Nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and non-pulmonary insults to the lungs; characterized by interstitial, infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis , refractory hypoxemia, and with the exception of some patients with coronavirus disease, 2019 and a RDS decreased compliance
316
Airway, pressure, release, ventilation, AP RV
Mode of mechanical ventilation that allows unrestricted spontaneous breath throughout the ventilatory cycle; on inspiration, the patient receives a preset level of continuous positive airway, pressure and pressure is periodically released to aid expiration
317
Aspiration
Inhalation of either oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways
318
Atelectasis 
Collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation obstruction to the airways or compression
319
Bilevel, positive airway pressure, BIPAP
Noninvasive, spontaneous breath mode of mechanical ventilation that allows for separate control of the inspiratory and expiratory pressure; given via a mask
320
Central cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin, or mucous membranes, due to hemoglobin, carrying reduced amounts of oxygen
321
Chest drainage system
The use of a chest tube and closed drainage system to re-expand the lung and to remove excess air fluid or blood
322
Consolidation
Lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of alveoli or infectious processes
323
Continuous, mandatory ventilation, CMV
Referred to, as assist control, ventilation; mode of mechanical ventilation, in which the patient’s breathing pattern may trigger the ventilator to deliver a preset tidal, volume or set pressure; in the absence of spontaneous breathing machine delivers a controlled breath at a preset, minimum rate and tidal volume or set pressure
324
Cor pulmonale
Heart of the lungs; enlargement of the right ventricle from hypertrophy, or dilation as a secondary response to disorders that affect the lungs
325
Empyema 
Accumulation of purulent material in the pleural space
326
Endotracheal intubation
Insertion of a breathing tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea
327
Hemoptysis 
The coughing up of blood from the lower respiratory tract
328
Hemothorax
Partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery our trauma
329
Hypoxemia
Decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood
330
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
331
Incentive spirometry
Method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to help the patient inhale deeply, and slowly and achieve maximum long inflation
332
Induration
An abnormally heart lesion or reaction as in a positive tuberculin skin test
333
Intermittent, mandatory ventilation IMV
Mode of mechanical ventilation that provides a combination of mechanically assisted breaths at a preset volume of pressure and rate in spontaneous brass
334
Mechanical ventilator
A positive or negative pressure, breathing device that supports ventilation and oxygenation
335
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath, when reclining, or in the supine position
336
Pleural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
337
Pleural friction rub
Localize grading a creaking sound, caused by the rubbing together of inflamed, parietal and visceral pleura
338
Pleural space
The area between the parietal and visceral pleura; a potential space
339
Pneumothorax
Partial or complete collapse of the long due to positive pressure in the pleural space
340
Positive end, expiratory pressure, PEEP
Positive pressure maintained at the end of exhalation to increase functional residual capacity and open collapsed alveoli
341
Pressure support ventilation PSV
Mode of mechanical ventilation, in which preset positive pressure is delivered with spontaneous breaths to decrease work of breathing
342
Proportional assist ventilation PAV
Mode of mechanical ventilation that provides partial ventilator support in proportion to the patient’s inspiratory efforts; decreases the work of breathing
343
Purulent
Consisting of containing or discharging pus
344
Respiratory weaning
Process of gradual, systematic withdrawal, or removal of ventilator, breathing tube and oxygen
345
Restrictive lung disease
Disease of the lungs that causes a decrease in lung volumes
346
Synchronized Edmonton mandatory ventilation, SIMV
Mode of mechanical ventilation, in which the ventilator allows the patient to breathe spontaneously, while providing a preset number of breast to ensure adequate ventilation; ventilated, brass, or synchronized with spontaneous breathing
347
Tension pneumothorax
Pneumothorax characterized by increasing positive pressure in the plural space with each breath; this is an emergency situation, and the positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately
348
Thoracentesis
Insertion of a needle or catheter into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of plural fusion
349
Thoracotomy
Surgical opening into the chest cavity
350
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired an expired with each breath
351
Tracheostomy tube
Indwelling tube inserted directly into the trachea to assist with ventilation 
352
Tracheostomy
Surgical opening into the trachea
353
Transbronchial
Through the bronchial wall as an a trans bronchial lung biopsy
354
Ventilation perfusion
Refers to the ratio between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs; matching a ventilation to perfusion optimize gas exchange
355
Air trapping
Incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung, tissue, elasticities, emphysema, bronchospasm, asthma, or airway obstruction
356
Alpha, one antitrypsin deficiency
Genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of out of a one antitrypsin, a protective agent for the lungs; increases patient’s risk for developing panacinar emphysema, even in the absence of smoking
357
Asthma
Heterogeneous disease usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation; define by a history of symptoms, such as wheezes, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that vary over time and an intensity
358
Bronchiectasis
Chronic irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that results from the destruction of muscle and elastic connective tissue; dilated airways become saccular and are medium for chronic infection
359
Chest percussion
Manually, cupping hands over the chest wall, and using vibration to mobilize secretions by mechanically dislodging, viscous, or adherent secretions in the lungs
360
Chest physiotherapy
Therapy used to remove bronchial, secretions, improve, ventilation, and increase the Efficiency of the respiratory muscles; types include postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration and breathing retraining
361
Chronic bronchitis
A disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production, for at least a combined total of three months, and each of two consecutive years
362
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease, COPD
The state characterized by airflow, limitation, that is not fully reversible; sometimes referred to as chronic airway obstruction or chronic obstructive lung disease
363
Desaturate
A precipitous drop in the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
364
Dry powder inhaler
A compact, portable inspiratory flow driven inhaler that delivers dry powder medication’s into the patient’s lungs
365
Emphysema
A disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of over distended alveoli
366
Flutter valve
Portable, handheld mucus clearance device, consisting of a tube with an osculating steel ball inside; upon expiration high frequency, oscillation, facilitate mucus expectations 
367
Fraction of inspired oxygen
Concentration of oxygen delivered
368
Hypoxemia
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
369
Hypoxia
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
370
Polycythemia
Increase in the red blood cell concentration in the blood; and COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen, carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts of red blood cells
371
Postural drainage
Positioning the patient to allow drainage from all lobes of the lungs and airways
372
Pressurized meter dose inhaler
A compact, portable patient activated pressurize medication container that provides aerosolized medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
373
Small volume nebulizer
A handheld generator driven medication delivery system that provides aerosolized liquid medication that the patient inhales into the Long’s
374
Spirometry
Pulmonary function test that measures specific lung volumes may be measured before and after bronchodilator administration
375
Vibration
A type of massage given by quickly, tapping the chest with fingertips are alternating the fingers in a rhythmic manner or by using a mechanical device to assist in mobilizing lung secretions
376
Schizophrenia symptoms
377
Positive symptoms, excess of normal functions
378
Schizophrenia associated features
379
Schizophrenia, patient/family education
380
Neurotransmitter norepinephrine
381
Neurotransmitter dopamine
382
Neurotransmitter serotonin
