CLA stuff Flashcards
Development pre-birth
Babies start to recognise mothers voice and native language from 6 months pre-birth
Pre-verbal
ON AVERAGE:
-cooing starts at 2 months
-babbling starts at 6 months (small usage of vowels, you start to hear the babies native language)
Holophrastic stage
ON AVERAGE:
-Starts at around 12 - 18 months old (1 - 1.5 years old)
-Child conveys a whole sentence with one word (holophrase)
-Majority of communication relies on non-verbal such as face and gestures to convey meaning
Two-word stage (in-between holophrastic and telegraphic stage)
ON AVERAGE
-Starts when the child is 18 months old (1.5 years old)
-When they have acquired 50-100 words
-When a child starts to use two word utterances - ‘mummy sit’
-Cognitive change takes place, ‘naming explosion’/’vocabulary boom’, where the child can gain 2-3 new words per day
-‘Naming explosion’ only occurs if the child is exposed to new words
Telegraphic stage
ON AVERAGE:
-Starts at 18 - 36 months (1.5 - 3 years old)
-Speech is laconic (brief, not accurate but efficient)
Post-telegraphic stage
ON AVERAGE:
-Starts after 36 months (3 years old)
-Child is still acquiring new words
-Correct grammar and shifting phrase (able to form both active and passive voice)
-Starts conversation and turn-taking
-Combining clause structure by using coordinating (‘and’, ‘but’) and subordinating (‘because’, ‘although’) conjunctions
Broca’s area
Responsible for language:
-Aphasia (form of dementia) come from deterioration/damage to Broca’s area
-Aphasia: reverse of langue development
Halliday’s functions - Instrumental
Expresses needs (includes crying)
Halliday’s functions - Regulatory
Tells others what to do; gives instructions
Halliday’s functions - Interactional
Uses language to form bonds/build relationships
Halliday’s functions - Personal
Expresses their own feelings, identity and opinion
Halliday’s functions - Heuristic
Uses language to gain knowledge on the environment through ASKING QUESTIONS
Halliday’s functions - Imaginative
Uses language to tell stories, make jokes and create imaginative environment
Halliday’s functions - Representational
Using language to relay facts and figures
Piaget’s stages - Sensorimotor
0-2 years:
-Egocentric - can’t understand others POV
-Object permeance starts appearing
Piaget’s stages - Pre-operational
2-6/7 years:
-Imaginative function
-Remains egocentric - can’t understand others POV
-Has full access to object permeance
Piaget’s stages - Concrete operational
6/7-11/12 years:
-Stops being egocentric - understands others POV
-Becomes capable of logical thought
Piaget’s stages - Formal operational
11-16+ years:
-Logical thought
-Abstract thinking
Skinner’s imitation theory (1957)
OPPOSITE TO CHOMSKY
-Children learn (language) through imitating others
-Negative reinforcement is stronger than positive reinforcement
Bruner’s LASS
-Language Aqcuisition Support System
-Children need care-giver to support their language development
Noam Chomsky
OPPOSITE TO SKINNER
-Introduced idea of Language Acquisition Device (LAD):
-Human brain is ‘programmed’ with the ability to learn language and an ability to learn grammar
-When children try to apply regular grammar rules to irregular verbs, he calls it ‘virtuous error’
Lev Vgotsky
Focus’ on how children learn through ‘doing’ with a ‘more knowledgeable other’ (MKO)
-‘Zone of proximal development’ is what develops language:
-Reinforcing what is already known and adding more (e.g Kid: ‘there is a flower’, MKO: ‘yes, there is a big yellow flower’
Sinclair and Coulthard (1973)
Initiation, response and feedback (IRF) structure:
-Games such as pika-boo help children to become familiar with adjacency pairs
Reduplication
Repeated syllables within a word (e.g. baa baa = blanket)
