Cl 6 Transportation Injuries

Question 1

Road transport act 1987
Section 41) causing death by reckless or dangerous driving
1. what is it
2. what is the punishment

Answer 1

1. Any person who, by driving of motor vehicle on road recklessly or at speed or in manner which having regard to nature, cond, size of road, amount of traffic, is dangerous to public, causes death to any person shall be guilty
2. Punishment:
   - imprisonment 2-10y, fine 5000-20000
   - disqualified license not less than 3y; second conviction 10y
   - revoke probationary licence
   -suspend licence until final decision

Question 2

Section 42: reckless and dangerous driving
1. definition
2. punishment

Answer 2

1. Same as previous but not causing death. Only causing dangerous to public
2. • imprisonment less than 5 years, fine 5000-15000
   • second conviction imprisonment less than then 10 years, fine 10000-20000
     -Disqualified licence no less than 2 years, second conviction 10y
     -revoke probationary licence

Question 3

Section 43: careless and inconsiderate driving
1. Definition
2. Punishment

Answer 3

1. A person who drives motor vehicle on road w/o due care and attention or without reasonable considerations for another persons using the road shall be guilty
2. Imprisonment
   - <= 1 years, fine 4000-10000
   - revoke probationary licence

Question 4

Section 45A: driving under alcohol concentration above prescribed limit
1. Definition
2. Punishment

Answer 4

1. Person who drives has so much alcohol in his body that the proportion in his breath, blood, urine exceeds prescribed limit
2. Punishment
   - imprisonment <= 12m and fine 1000-6000
   - 2nd or subsequent conviction <= 2 years and fine 2000-10000

Question 5

Section 45G
- prescribed limit means
- investigation

Answer 5

• 35microg alcohol in 100 ml of breath
  -80 mg alcohol in 100 ml of blood
  -107 mg in 100ml of urine

Investigation
- breathanalyser

Question 6

Section 44: driving under influence of intoxication liqour or drugs
- definition
- punishment

Answer 6

• under intoxicating liqour or drug to extent incapable of having proper cpntrol of vehicle
• has so much alcohol exceeds prescribed limit and causes death or injury to any person

Punishment
- imprisonment 3-10y and fine 8000-20000
-revoke probationary licence
-disqualified licence >= 5 years from date of conviction
-2nd or subsequent conviction 10 years

Question 7

How frontal impact cause drivers injuries?

Answer 7

• unrestrained driver slide forward
• legs strike the fascia or parcel shelf area
• abdomen or lower chest contacts the lower edge of steering wheel
• body flex across the steering wheel
• heavy head goes forward, flexion of cervical and thoracic spine
• windscreen often perforated by head or face, whole body may ejected tru broken glass and land on bonnet or roadway

Question 8

How whiplash occurs

Answer 8

• torso accelerate forward/rise up
• head tilt backward and snaps forward
• torso rebounds

Question 9

More common thoracic injury

Answer 9

Deceleration of ruptured aorta (aorta tethered to ant surface of vertebrae where distal arch joins the straight descending segment

Question 10

Cause of serious injury to rear occupant

Answer 10

Ejection

Question 11

Motor vehicle (safety seatbelt) rules 1978
Punishment

Answer 11

Rule 3: every seatbelt must have full harness belt or lap and diagonal strap belt. Buckle of quick release pattern which cannot be unclipped accidently
Rule 4: person in front seat must wear safety seatbelt
Punishment: fine 300

Question 12

Effects of seatbelts/ how seatbelts function?

Answer 12

• hold occupant back against the seat, prevent forward projection
• ineffective to side impact
• still can cause hyperflexion
• extend the deceleration time and distance

Question 13

Seatbelt injuries

Answer 13

• bruising (diagonal/transverse component of 3 point belt)
• occur at abdomen, chest wall but dangerous lesion are visceral
• rupture of mesentery or small or large intestine, usually occur from acute flexion over a lap strap
• full bladder, caecum can be ruptured
• crushed abdominal aorta
• compressed fracture of lumbar spine
• dics dislocated in mid lumbar region
• submarining effect (victim slips beneath the straps and risk possibility of compression injuries to throat and chest). Common in child; too big for child seat, too small for adult belts

Question 14

Mechanism of airbag

Answer 14

When theres collision, crash sensor sends electric spark to inflator canister, setting off chemical reaction that produces nitrogen gas/argon gas. The gas expands, inflating the airbag. They deflate immediately after absorbing energy of an occupant

Question 15

Airbag injuries

Answer 15

-facial bruising
-fractured arm
-cervical spine
-eye injuries (mild cornea abrasion, retinl detachment)
- airbag not protect leg injuries and abdominal injuries

Question 16

Motorcycle rule 1973

Answer 16

-rule 3: prescribed safety helmet
-rule 4: wearing safety helmet: head fitted

Question 17

Injuries of motorcyclists

Answer 17

• often at temporoparietal
• common cx:
  basal skull # esp hinge #
  Ring # at foramen magnum in post fossa (impact on the crown head)