Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Question 1

Acylation

Answer 1

Adding an Acetyl group to another molecule or substrate

Question 2

Oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 2

Oxidize a substrate, produces NADH and CO2

Question 3

Dehydrogenation

Answer 3

Removing 2 hydrogen (2H) to make an alkene, Produce FADH2

Question 4

Hydration

Answer 4

Add H2O across a double bond

Question 5

Oxidation

Answer 5

Turns alcohol into a ketone

Oxidize a substrate to produce NADH

Question 6

Net gain of glycolysis:

Answer 6

2 NADH
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate

Question 7

What is the purpose of the citric acid (Kreb’s) cycle?

Answer 7

The purpose of the citric acid cycle is to make electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).
For every NADH you will get 2.5 ATP
For every FADH2 you will get 1.5 ATP

Question 8

Net gain of the citric acid cycle:

Answer 8

2 FADH2
6 NADH
2 ATP
4 CO2

Question 9

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

Answer 9

The purpose of the electron transport chain is to make electrochemical gradient or a charge separation across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 10

Complex 1

Answer 10

Take electrons from NADH and pushes 4H+ into the intermembrane space and gives electrons to coenzyme Q.

Question 11

Complex 2

Answer 11

Accepts electrons from FADH2 and gives electrons to coenzyme Q

Question 12

Complex 3

Answer 12

Takes electrons from coenzyme Q, pushes 4 H+ into the intermembrane space and gives the electrons to Cyt C

Question 13

Complex 4

Answer 13

Takes electrons from Cyt C, pushes 2 H+ into the intermembrane space and uses the electron to make H2O

Question 14

Describe the process of the citric acid cycle

Answer 14

Acetyl CoA attaches an acetyl to oxaloacetate to make a citrate. It will then undergo oxidative decarboxylation, where it will lose 2 CO2 and electrons carriers are made. The remaining substrate will then undergo more reactions and is transforms back into oxaloacetate, producing more electron carriers and ATP.

Question 15

Steps of the Citric acid cycle:

Answer 15

Acylation
Isomerization
Oxidative decarboxylation
Oxidative decarboxylation
Hydrolysis
Dehydrogenation
Hydration
Oxidation

Question 16

Why must pyruvate undergo conversion to enter the citric acid cycle?

Answer 16

That is because the mitochondria only wants acetyls.

Question 17

if our cell did not contain a mitochondria, how may ATP would we get from one glucose molecule?

Answer 17

2 ATP

Question 18

Why is oxygen needed in the electron Transport chain

Answer 18

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, and it is used to make water (H2O).

Question 19

Kinase is used to do what?

Answer 19

Kinase is used to phosphorylate using ATP/ADP

Question 20

What is beta oxidation?

Answer 20

Beta oxidation turns fatty acids into acetyls

Question 21

Steps of beta oxidation:

Answer 21

Dehydration
Hydration
Oxidation
Removal of acetyl

Question 22

In every turn of beta oxidation, it will produce:

Answer 22

1 NADH and 1 FADH2

Question 23

What is an electrochemical gradient?

Answer 23

A difference in both charge and concentration of protons on either side of the membrane

Question 24

Why is it important to isomerize a citrate?

Answer 24

Citrate contains a tertiaty alcohol that cannot be oxidized, but when citrate is isomerized into isocitrate the alcohol becomes a secondary alcohol that can be oxidize for the next reaction.

Question 25

Complex V (AKA ATP Synthase)

Answer 25

It provides a channel for H+ to flow back into the matrix (after being pumped out by complexes I, III, and IV) and is the site for ATP synthesis

Question 26

Why is the complex V important

Answer 26

The movement of protons from an area with many protons to an area with fewer protons releases energy. As protons flow back into the matrix the resulting release of energy drives the synthesis of ATP.

Question 27

Oxidation of pyruvate produces:

Answer 27

2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH and 5 ATP