Chapter 11 DNA, RNA, and Mutations

Question 1

Answer 1

Purine

Question 2

Answer 2

Pyrimidine

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

is the molecule in our cells that stores and directs information responsible for cell growth and reproduction. Found in the nucleus of the cell, contains genetic information in what is called the genome

Question 4

Answer 4

Ribose

Question 5

Answer 5

Deoxyribose

No oxygen is bonded to the carbon

Question 6

Answer 6

Adenosine

Question 7

Answer 7

Thymine

Question 8

Answer 8

Uridine

Question 9

Answer 9

Cytosine

Question 10

Answer 10

Guanine

Question 11

Nucleotide

Answer 11

is comprised of three parts:

1. A base
2. A sugar
3. A phosphate

Question 12

Pentose Sugars

Answer 12

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Question 13

Phosphate

Answer 13

The phosphate makes the backbone of DNA and RNA’s structure.

Question 14

Nucleoside

Answer 14

A nucleotide without a phosphate

Question 15

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonds are weak interactions between polar hydrogens (slightly positive charge) and other polar atoms (slightly negative charge)

Question 16

Cohesion

Answer 16

is hydrogen bonding that occurs exclusively between water molecules

Question 17

Adhesion

Answer 17

is hydrogen bonding that occurs when water hydrogen bonds to something that isn’t also water.

Question 18

Original strand of DNA

Complementary strand of DNA

Answer 18

5’–>3’

3’–>5’

Question 19

DNA Polymerase

Answer 19

Enzyme used to duplicate DNA

Question 20

AMP

Answer 20

Adenosine Monophosphate

Question 21

GMP

Answer 21

Guanosine Monophosphate

Question 22

CMP

Answer 22

Cytidine Monophosphate

Question 23

UMP

Answer 23

Uridine Monophosphate

Question 24

Mutation

Answer 24

Changes in your DNA

Question 25

Silent Mutation

Answer 25

No change in protein sequence Change in protein sequence but not protein function

Question 26

Visible Mutation

Answer 26

Change in protein sequence and protein function

Question 27

What causes mutations?

Answer 27

Environmental factors: 1. mutagens 1. Nitrosamine (some bacons) 2. Viruses 2. carcinogens

Question 28

What are the requirements for life?

Answer 28

1. Genetic Material (DNA or RNA) 2. Respond to changes in the environment 3. Reproduce 4. Metabolism

Question 29

Viruses Lack

Answer 29

Metabolism

Question 30

Parts of Viruses:

Answer 30

Protein spikes Capsid Envelope

Question 31

Protein spikes

Answer 31

function is to poke a hole into the host cell so that the genetic information can then enter.

Question 32

Capsid

Answer 32

protein that encloses the genetic material.

Question 33

Envelope

Answer 33

additional protein coat that a virus may or may not have.

Question 34

Vaccines

Answer 34

are deactivated viruses. They are the shell (capsid and envelope) or partial shell of a vaccine and do not contain any of the genetic information of the virus. Vaccines are used to teach your body how to create antibodies, so that if it comes into contact with the real thing, it has a working defense.

Question 35

Steps of Viral Infection

Answer 35

After a virus attaches to the host, it injects its viral DNA and uses the host nucleic acids, enzymes, amino acid, and ribosome to make viral mRNA, new viral DNA, and viral proteins. The newly assembled viruses are released to infect other cells.

Question 36

Central dogma

Answer 36

is an idea that DNA is an informational storage molecule capable of replicating itself. Then, the informations had to be read by a manufacturing body within a cell which puts amino acid together in a specific sequence ultimately synthesizing proteins

Question 37

Central Dogma Part two:

Answer 37

DNA serves as a template for the direct synthesis of a messenger RNA molecule, in a process known as transcription. Secondly, mRNA is read at a ribosome by a transfer RNA, which work together to assemble specific chain of amino acid, which collectively assemble to generate a protein, in a process known as translation.

Question 38

Substitution

Answer 38

that exchanges one base for another. Could change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the protein function.

Question 39

Deletion

Answer 39

Any number of nucleotides found in the sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.

Question 40

Insertion

Answer 40

is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence, changing the protein function

Question 41

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 41

is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read.

Question 42

Point mutation

Answer 42

is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed.

Question 43

Real world applications of viruses

Answer 43

Therapeutic Agriculture

Question 44

Therapeutic

Answer 44

It’s possible to use a retrovirus as a vector for gene therapy. Since retroviruses integrate their DNA into the host cell, if you could prepare a retrovirus with a proper gene, you could replace a damaged gene with the proper one.

Question 45

Phage therapy

Answer 45

uses these viruses to target bacteria exclusively in cases where a bacterium has grown resistant to antibiotics.

Question 46

Agriculture

Answer 46

Viruses can be used to genetically modify foods. They can delayed fruit ripening for longer shelf life during transportation. Enhanced flavor and nutritional content. Edible vaccines to prevent widespread diseases in developing countries

Question 47

golden rice

Answer 47

It was genetically modified to produce large quantities of vitamin A.

Question 48

Codon

Answer 48

A set of three nucleotide on mRNA

Question 49

Anticodon

Answer 49

A set of 3 nucleotide compliment to the codon located in the tRNA (in the bottom loop)