Cities and Urban Land Use Flashcards
The permanently uninhabited portion of the earth’s surface
Ecumene
The process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities
Suburbaniztion
areas (farms and villages) with low concentration of people
Rural
Some suburbanites return to live in the city
Reurbanization
Moving farther out into rural areas and work remotely
Exurbanization
An established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one
Satellite City
Areas generally associated with river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils aided in the production of an agricultural surplus
Urban hearths
Another way to define a city
Metropolitan Area
Cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000)
Micropolitan Statistical Area
The population of cities, as compared to other areas, contains a great variety of people
Social heterogeneity
Describes urban growth based on transportation technology
Borchert’s Model
Cities shaped by the distances people could walk
Pedestrian Cities
Communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often created pin-wheel shaped cities
Streetcar Suburbs
An interdependent set of cities within a region
Urban System
Describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop
Rank-size Rule
If the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city, the largest city is said to have primacy
Primate City
Theory developed to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region
Central Place Theory
An area that surrounds each central place, for which it provides goods and services and from which it draws its population
Market Area
The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable
Threshold
The worlds largest cities that typically have more than ten million people
Megacities
Cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries
World Cities or Global Cities
A chain of connected cities
Megalopolis
A single, uninterrupted urban area
Conurbation
The idea that portions of an urban area–regions, or zones, within the city–have specific and distinct purposes
Functional Zonation
The commercial heart of a city
Central Business District (CBD)
Describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district
Concentric Zone Model
The first ring surrounding the CBD that includes industrial uses mixed with poorer quality housing
Zone of Transition
Also known as the Concentric Zone Model, ____ described three additional rings, all residential
Burgess Model
A different way of looking at cities invented by Homer Hoyt, describes how different types of land use growing outward from CBD
Read paragraph 3 on page 321 for a more in-depth definition
Sector Model
Describes sectors of land use for low-, medium-, and high- income housing. The model also notes a sector for transportation extending from the edge to the center of the city
Hoyt’s Model
Studies changes in cities in the 1940s. This model suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers
Multiple-nuclei Model
A variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway
Peripheral Model
Describes the spread of U.S. cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner city
Galactic City Model
Nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
Edge Cities
Often used to describe Latin American cities, places a two-part CBD at the center of the city: a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center
Griffen-Ford Model
Characterized by poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing
Perférico
A neighborhood where extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness are common
Favelas or Barrios
Areas not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs
Disamenity Zone
Has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers
Colonial CBD
A fort designed to protect the city, with its related palace and barracks for soldiers
Citadel
Describes the land use in many of the larger cities in Southeast Asia
McGee Model
Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used
Zoning Ordinances
A process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use
Urban Planning
Areas in a city that are devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions
Residential Zone
Houses pass from one social group to another
Filtering
Stores that have been successful
Big-box retail
The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter
Suburbanization of business
Refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction, one way of referring to the political and legal aspect of a city
Municipality
The process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory
Annexation
The act of legally joining together to form a new city
Incorporation
Commuter suburbs within the larger metro area
Bedroom Communities
When this occurs, certain elements of government are handled jointly, across numerous separate municipalities, while the other elements of local government continue to be handled by individual municipalities
Consolidation
Districts that attempt to solve a specific need, such as for public transportation, over a larger region
Special Districts
Populated regions do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality
Unincorporated areas
Contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census
Census tracts
A densely populated area that may be very small, consisting of a single block bounded by four streets
Census Block
Uses qualitative and quantitative data in order to gain an overall understanding of the lives and characteristics of people living within urban areas
Social area analysis
The regions just outside the central business districts in North American cities, to densely settled peripheral suburbs in Europe, to the squatter settlements and favelas of less developed countries
Inner Cities
People who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty
Underclass
A way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth
Culture of poverty
The process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas
Redlining
Involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up
Urban redevelopment
Laws allow the government to seize land for public use after paying owners the market value for their property
Eminent domains
The process of wealthier residents moving into a neighborhood and making it unaffordable for existing residents
Gentrification
An approach aimed at helping with public housing in which public housing was dispersed throughout areas of the city
Scattered site
Urban zones that lack food stores and contribute to health problems for poorer urban residents
Food deserts
People of one ethnic group, usually middle-class whites, would be frightened into selling their homes at low prices when they heard that a family of another group, usually African American or Hispanic, was moving into the neighborhood
Blockbusting
Areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination
Ghettos
Where new residents can be close to religious institutions, stores that sell familiar goods, and friends and relatives who speak their language
Urban colony
Buses, subways, light rail and trains operated by a government agency
Public transportation
The portion of the economy that is not taxed, regulated, or managed by the government
Informal economy
Streets lined with tall buildings, can channel intensifying wind. Also block out natural sunlight from reaching the ground
Urban canyon
A portion of a city warmer than surrounding regions
Urban Heat Island
Rats, raccoons and pigeons that thrive in cities, but they can spread diseases and become a nuisance to people
Urban Wildlife
The rapid spread of development outward from the inner city
Urban sprawl
Developers purchase land beyond the periphery of the city’s built-up area in a process called
Leapfrogging
Long-term viability
Sustainability
Areas of undeveloped land around an urban area
Greenbelts
A set of policies to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city
Smart growth
A concept that aims to reduce sprawl, increase affordable housing, and creating vibrant, livable neighborhoods
New urbanism
Neighborhoods that have a mix of homes and businesses
Mixed-use neighborhood
The process of building up underused lands within a city
Urban infill
The counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities
Counter-urbanization or deurbanization
Densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water and sewage
Informal settlements
Small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly, to sell their goods
Periodic markets
Financial subsidies to help low-income residents with the cost of housing
Public housing
Traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars that are along major roads that run from the gates to the center of cities
Suqs
The process of developing towns and cities that does not end when a city is formed
Urbanization
A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions
Urban hierarchy
