Circulatory System Flashcards
Blood composed
of plasma and a variety of cells transports nutrients and wastes
Interstitial fluid
bathes the cells of the body
Hematology
is the study of blood and blood disorders
What are the functions of Blood?
- Transportation of substances
- Regulation of physiological activities
- Protection by white blood cells and platelets
Blood volume varies with
- body size
changes in fluid concentration - changes in electrolyte concentration
- amount of adipose tissue
what is the normal range of PH for the blood?
7.35-7.45
Hemopoietic Growth Factors regulate
differentiation and proliferation of blood cells
Erythropoietin (EPO)
produced by the liver and kidneys increase RBC precursors
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
Cytokines are what type of hormones?
are local hormones of the bone marrow
Plasma makes up 55% of
the blood
Low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release
erythropoietin
Blood circulates for about
120 days
Macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out
RBCs
Aplastic Anemia
cause/defect
- cause: toxic chemical radiation
- Defect: Damaged bone marrow
Heolytic anemia
cause/defect
- Cause: Toxic chemicals
- Defect: Red Blood cells destroyed
Iron deficiency anemia
cause/defect
- Cause: Dietary lack of iron
- Defect: Hemoglobin deficient
Pernicious anemia
cause/defect
- Cause: inability to absorb B12
- Deficient: Excess of immature cells
Sicle cell disease
- Cause: Defective gene
- Defect: Red blood cells are abnormally shaped
Thalassemia
- Cause: Defective gene
- Defect: Hemoglobin deficient; red blood cells are short lived
What is the name of white blood cells?
leukocytes
What are the 3 granulocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what are the 2 granulocytes?
lymphocytes
monocytes
Neutrophils
- light purple granules
- lobed nucleus
- first to arrive during infections
- 54%-62% of leukocytes
Eosinophils
- deep red granules
- bi-lobed nucleus
- defends against parasitic worm infestation
- 1%-3% of leukocytes
Basophils
- deep blue granules in basic stain
- release histamine and heparin
- less than 1% of leukocytes
Monocytes
- largest blood cell
-spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei
-leaves bloodstream to become macrophages
3%-9% of leukocytes
Lymphocytes
- slightly larger than red blood cells
- Tells and B-cells
- B-cells produce anti-bodies
- 25%-33% of leukocytes
Leukopenia
- low WBC count (below 5,000)
- typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, aids
Leukocytosis
- high WBC count (above 10,000)
- acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of bodily fluids
platelet cells are none as
thrombocytes
megakaryocytes
are needed to make thrombocytes
Hemostasis
- stoppage of bleeding
Coagulation
causes the formation of a blood clot via a series of reactions which activates the next in a cascade
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism
-chemical outside of blood
triggers blood coagulation
- triggered by thromboplastin (not found in blood)
- triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism
- chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation
- triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood)
- triggered when blood contacts a foreign surface
Platelet-derived growth factor
stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls
Plasmin digests
blood clots
thrombus
– abnormal blood clot
embolus
– blood clot moving through blood
Agglutination
clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen
Antigens
a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies
Antibodies –
a protein that reacts against a specific antigen
Rh positive –
presence of antigen D or and other Rh antigens on the red blood cell membranes. Plasma does not contain anti-RH antibodies.
Rh negative –
absence of these antigens. Exposure to antigen D (transfusions, pregnancy) triggers the production of anti-Rh antibodies.
