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Pathology Exam 2 > Circulatory Disturbances I & II > Flashcards

Circulatory Disturbances I & II Flashcards

1
Q

The intestitium composed of what two things?

A

ECM and supporting cells

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2
Q

What is ECM composed of?

A

Structural molecules and ground substance

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3
Q

Water distribution between plasma &; interstitium is primarily determined by what two pressure differences?

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences between two compartments

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4
Q

What does the starling equation illustrate?

A

Role of hydrostatic and osmotic forces in movement of fluid across capillary membranes.

Hydrostatic moves fluid out and osmotic pressure moves fluid in

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5
Q

What results in tissue edema?

A

When capacity for lymphatic drainage is exceeded

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6
Q

Edema is the abnormal accumulation of what?

A

Excess extracellular water in interstitial spaces or body cavities

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7
Q

Where is the fluid located during Edema?

A

Fluid is outside both vascular fluid compartment and cellular fluid compartment (w/in interstitium)

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8
Q

What are the 4 pathomechanisms of edema?

A
  1. Increased blood hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
  3. Lymphatic obstruction
  4. Increased vascular permeability
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9
Q

What two categories can edema be classified under?

A

Inflammatory and non-inflammatory

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10
Q

Inflammatory edema is increased vascular permeability and refers to a what?

A

Exudate

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11
Q

Non-inflammatory edema refers to what?

A

Transudate

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12
Q

T/F: Inflammatory edema has protein rich fluid and non-inflammatory edema has protein poor fluid

A

True

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13
Q

What is the typical gross appearance of Edema?

A
  1. Wet
  2. Gelatinous and heavy
  3. Swollen organs
  4. Fluid seeps
  5. May be yellow
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14
Q

In pitting edema, what happens when pressure is applied to an area of edema?

A

Depression or dent results bc of the forced excessive interstitial fluid to adjacent areas

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15
Q

Hydrothorax is fluid in what cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity

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16
Q

Pericardial effusion is also called what disease?

A

Mulberry heart disease

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17
Q

What two characteristics are noted in pericardial effusion?

A

Fibrin strands and cloudy appearance

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18
Q

Ascites or hydroperitoneum is what type of fluid within what cavity?

A

Transudate in peritoneal cavity

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19
Q

Anasarca is what type of edema?

A

Generalized edema

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20
Q

Anasarca results in fluid accumulation in what type of tissue?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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21
Q

Submandibular edema is commonly called what and is associated with what two types of things in sheep?

A
  1. Bottle jaw

2. Severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia

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22
Q

Edema is dependent on what three things?

A
  1. Extent
  2. Location
  3. Duration
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23
Q

Non-inflammatory pulmonary edema is associated with what?

A

Left sided congestive heart failure (CHF)

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24
Q

Inflammatory pulmonary edema is associated with what type of syndrome?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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25
Q

Inflammatory pulmonary edema happens after damage to what type of endothelium? Give Example

A

Damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium

Ex: Pneumonia

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26
Q

What type of fluid is indicative of pulmonary edema?

A

Frothy fluid

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27
Q

Pulmonary hypertension results when blood gets into what organ?

A

Lungs

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28
Q

Chronic pulmonary edema is most commonly associated with what type of failure?

A

Cardiac failure

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29
Q

What happens to the alveolar walls during chronic pulmonary edema? What may this lead to?

A

Alveolar walls become thickened; may lead to fibrosis

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30
Q

What other characteristics may be present in chronic pulmonary edema?

A

Congestion, micro-hemorrhages, and accumulation of heart failure cells

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31
Q

Heart failure cells are macrophages containing what?

A

Hemosiderin

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32
Q

Hyperemia is indicated by an increase is what type of engorgement of the vascular bed? Is blood oxygenated?

A

Increase in arteriole-mediated engorgement

Blood is oxygenated

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33
Q

Congestion is indicated by what type of engorgement? Is blood oxygenated?

A

Passive venous engorgement

Blood is not oxygenated

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34
Q

During physiological hyperemia, does blood flow increase or decrease?

A

Increase

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35
Q

Pathological hyperemia is caused by what?

A

Underlying pathological process-usually inflammation

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36
Q

During pathological hyperemia, does arteriolar dilation occur primary or secondary to inflammatory stimuli?

A

Secondary

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37
Q

T/F: Pathological hyperemia is often associated with edema

A

True

38
Q

T/F: Gastric volvulus (torsion) in dog is an example of congestion

A

True

39
Q

Pulmonary congestion is usually the result of what is associated with what?

A
  1. Heart failure

2. Edema

40
Q

T/F: Subacute to Chronic hepatic congestion is usually the result of Left sided CHF

A

False; Right side CHF

41
Q

What is a characteristic identifier of chronic hepatic congestion and subacute hepatic congestion?

A

Nutmeg liver

42
Q

Hemorrhage is defined as the escape of what form blood vessels?

A

Blood (Extravasation)

43
Q

What are some causes of hemorrhage?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Sepsis, viremia, bacteremia, or toxic conditions
  3. Abdominal neoplasia
  4. Coagulation abnormalities
44
Q

Hemorrhage is blood (outside or inside?) the vessel wall and hyperemia/congestion is blood (outside or inside?) the blood vessels?

A
  1. Outside

2. Inside

45
Q

Hemorrhage is determined by what to things?

A

Location and severity

46
Q

T/F: Severity plays a role in the clinical manifestation of a hemorrhage

A

True

47
Q

What does hemopericardium lead to?

A

Fatal cardiac tamponade

48
Q

Hemorrhage by rhexis is caused by what kind of damage in the vascular wall (or heart)?

A

Substantial rent or tear

49
Q

Dissecting aneurysms are reported in horses and in the coronary and renal arteries of what type of animal?

A

Young male racing greyhounds

50
Q

Dissecting aneurysms can lead to what two things?

A
  1. Arterial rupture

2. Fatal hemorrhage

51
Q

Hemorrhages by diapedesis is due to what two things?

A
  1. Small defect in vessel wall

2. RBCs passing through vessel wall

52
Q

T/F: Hemorrhagic diathesis is seen usually from insignificant injuries?

A

True

53
Q

Hemoperitoneum is blood is what cavity?

A

Peritoneal cavity

54
Q

Hemarthrosis is blood between which space?

A

Joint space

55
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

Coughing of blood or blood stained sputum form lungs or airways

56
Q

Epistaxis is bleed from what?

A

Nose

57
Q

A small Fock of hemorrhage is know as?

A

Petechia

58
Q

Ecchymosis is larger than a petechia and is seen in what type of injury?

A

Bruise or small hematoma

59
Q

Agonal hemorrhages are petechiae and ecchymoses associated with what?

A

Terminal hypoxia

60
Q

What type of hemorrhage is larger than ecchymosis and is contiguous?

A

Suffusive hemorrhage

61
Q

T/F: Paint brush hemorrhage is most common on mucosal and serosal surfaces

A

True

62
Q

In an area of hemorrhage, small amounts can be reabsorbed while larger amounts require what two things?

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Degradation by macrophages

63
Q

A hematoma is organized by a central mass of what two things surrounded by supportive vascular CT?

A

Fibrin and RBCs

64
Q

What are the 3 resolutions of a hematoma?

A
  1. Hemoglobin
  2. Bilirubin
  3. Hemosiderin
65
Q

What is the pathological form of hemostasis?

A

Thrombosis

66
Q

What are the 3 general components for a normal hemostasis or thrombosis to occur?

A
  1. Vascular wall
  2. Platelets
  3. Coagulation cascade
67
Q

What is the process of primary hemostasis?

A
  1. Adhesion and activation of platelets
  2. Shape change
  3. Release of secretory granules
  4. Recruitment
  5. Hemostasis plug forms
68
Q

What is the process of secondary hemostasis?

A
  1. Tissue factor
  2. Phospholipid complex expression
  3. Thrombin activation
  4. Fibrin polymerization
69
Q

What is the process of normal hemostasis?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Primary hemostasis
  3. Secondary hemostasis
  4. Thrombus and antithrombotic effects
70
Q

What type of cells are key players in the regulation of hemostasis?

A

Endothelial cells

71
Q

Thrombosis is the formation of what within the CV system?

A

Solid mass (Thrombus)

72
Q

What is a thrombus composed of?

A

Platelets, fibrin, entrapped blood cells

73
Q

Is a thrombus adhered or detached from the vascular wall?

A

Adhered

74
Q

T/F: Thrombus has a more opaque, dull, granular appearance

A

True

75
Q

What three things play a role in the formation of a thrombus?

A
  1. Endothelial injury
  2. Alterations in blood flow
  3. Hypercoagulability
76
Q

What is a major inhibitor of thrombin?

A

Antithrombin III

77
Q

T/F: A dog with renal failure can develop pulmonary thrombosis

A

True

78
Q

Verminous thrombosis is formed in what artery of horses with Strongyles vulgarisms infections?

A

Cranial mesenteric artery

79
Q

What kind of thrombus is formed in the trifurcation of abdominal aorta?

A

Saddle thrombus

80
Q

What are some outcomes of a thrombi?

A
  1. Lysis
  2. Propagation
  3. Embolization
  4. Organization/recanalization
81
Q

If pieces of a thrombus break off of original mass and go down to lodge at a distant site, the process is called what? And the mass that breaks off is called what?

A
  1. Embolism

2. Embolus

82
Q

What kind of embolism can be occur due to a complication of long bone fractures?

A

Fat embolism

83
Q

T/F: Bacterial valvular endocarditis can be a cause of thrombosis/thromboembolism

A

True

84
Q

T/F: Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is an example of thrombosis

A

True

85
Q

What three things can be seen with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A
  1. Tissue hypoxia
  2. Infarction
  3. Hemorrhage
86
Q

Infarction is a localized area of what necrosis in a tissue or organ caused by occlusion of either what two things?

A
  1. Ischemic necrosis

2. Atrial supply or venous drainage

87
Q

T/F: Arterial infarcts are initially pale but become hemorrhagic

A

False, initially hemorrhagic and become pale

88
Q

Microscopically, an infarction is a focal of what type of necrosis?

A

Coagulation necrosis

89
Q

Shock gives rise to what?

A

System hypoperfusion

90
Q

Shock may lead to what two things?

A

DIC and multi-organ system failure

91
Q

What are 3 types of shock?

A
  1. Cardiogenic shock
  2. Hypovolemic shock
  3. Blood maldistribution
92
Q

What kind of bacteria causes septic shock?

A

Endotoxin producing gram negative bacilli

Pathology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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