Circulatory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vascular occlusion?

A

Blockage of a blood vessel

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2
Q

What can a vascular occlusion result from?

A
  • Thrombosis
  • Embolism
  • Atherosclerosis
  • External compression
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3
Q

What does the severity of a vascular occlusion depend on?

A
  • Type of tissue involved
  • How quickly the occlusion occurs
  • Availability of collateral circulation
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4
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Solid mass of blood formed within the cardiovascular system involving; endothelial cells, platelets and coagulation cascade

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5
Q

What are some differences between patients suffering from arterial and a venous thrombus?

A

ARTERIAL:Old age, circulatory disorders, diabetic, smoker
VENOUS: may be any age, immobility (i.e. flights)

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6
Q

Name for the factors contributing to thrombus

A

Virchow’s triad

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7
Q

What are the factors that make up Virchow’s triad?

A
  1. Alteration to blood constituents
  2. Damage to endothelial lining
  3. Changes to normal blood flow
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8
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Where fragments of thrombus break off and travel through blood and cause an occlusion elsewhere

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9
Q

What are the lines of Zahn?

A

Alternating red and white blood cell deposits, operated along blood flow

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10
Q

Treatments for thrombus

A

Streptokinase

Aspirin

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of streptokinase?

A

Promotes formation of plasmin which breaks down the clot

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of aspirin?

A

Inhibits thromboxane thus inhibiting clot formation

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13
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Damage to intima which causes narrow vessels and obstruction

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14
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Disease of media –> increased wall thickness and decreases elasticity –> hypertension

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15
Q

Main difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the intima

Arteriosclerosis is a disease of the media

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16
Q

Where do plaques form?

A

Atheromatous plaques form in the intima of the artery

17
Q

What kind of core do atheromatous plaques have?

A

Necrotic cores

18
Q

What are the major components of atheromatous plaques?

A
  • Cells
  • ECM
  • Lipid
  • Calcification
19
Q

Processes in plaque formation

A

Intimal thickening

Lipid accumulation

20
Q

What is the name for coronary artery disease?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

21
Q

What is a prominent feature of ischaemic heart disease?

A

Sudden death

22
Q

Fixed risk factors of CAD

A

Age, males, positive family history

23
Q

Modifiable risk factors of CAD

A

Smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension

24
Q

3 causes of restricted blood supply to the heart

A
  1. Blockage
  2. Decrease in oxygenated flow
  3. Increased demand
25
Why may someone have an increased demand to the heart?
Increased cardiac output or they have have hypertrophy (enlarged heart)
26
Why may someone have a decrease in deoxygenated blood flow?
Anaemia, CO poisoning, hypotension
27
What is arteriogenesis?
Collateral vessel formation so that if an artery is occluded then blood can be diverted from other arteries to compensate
28
Treatments for an artery blockage?
Angioplasty | Stents
29
What is angioplasty?
When deflated ballon is then inflated in artery to squash the plaque flat
30
What is restenosis?
When after stenting, the blockage reforms over a period of time
31
What else can be done to stents to reduce blockages?
Drug elution from stints
32
What are some risks associated with stenting?
May not be safe long term and increased late stent thrombosis