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Optometry Class OP4102 > Circulatory Disease (OP4103) > Flashcards

Circulatory Disease (OP4103) Flashcards

1
Q

what is coagulation?

A

formation of a clot due to activation of coagulation cascade

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2
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

formation of a clot in situ in an intact blood vessel

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3
Q

whats a thrombus?

A

an abnormal mass attached to a vessel wall

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4
Q

what is an embolus?

A

an abnormal mass (blood clot) thats freely floating

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5
Q

what happens in haemostasis?

A
  1. primary haemostasis - local vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug formation via aggregation
  3. fibrinolysis which dissolves the clot once blood vessel integrity has been restored
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6
Q

what are the steps in activation of the coagulation cascade?

A
  1. intrinsic pathway where factor XII is activated
  2. extrinsic pathway where thromboplastin is released
  3. factor X activated
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7
Q

what are the factors in virchows triad that predispose thrombosis?

A

-injury to the endothelial lining
-slowing/ changes of blood flow
-changes in blood constituents

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8
Q

what are the steps in thrombosis that show how platelets have a role in it?

A
  1. adherence of platelets
  2. aggregation of activated platelets
  3. release of thromboxane A2 and ADP
  4. additional platelets are recruited
    thrombin is formed
  5. thrombus is stabilised by fibrin
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9
Q

give 6 consequences of thrombi

A
  1. disintegration of small thrombi
  2. infection
  3. propagation
  4. organisation/ recanalisation
  5. vessel occlusion of ischaemia or infarction
  6. formation of emboli
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10
Q

What is an embolism? what is the most common type called?

A

a passage of material through circulatory system capable of obstructing the lumen and can be either pulmonary or systematic
-most common is thromboembolism

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11
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism?

A

an emboli of venous origin that blocks pulmonary arteries

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12
Q

what are the common sites of infarction from arterial emboli?

A

-brain
-intestine
-lower extremity
-kidney
-heart

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13
Q

what are the sources of venous and arterial emboli?

A

-atheroma
-infection
-fat in long bone fracture post trauma
-gas e.g. gas bubbles in the blood
-latrogenic - IV fluid or drug abuse
-amniotic fluid
-tumour

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14
Q

what are the three main stages of atheroma formation?

A
  1. early initial lesion
  2. intermediate lesions
  3. advanced lesion
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15
Q

what happens during the initial lesion of atheroma formation?

A

fatty streak is formed and is
-subendothelial
-focal, small and non-destructive
-occurs in areas of branching
-contains lipid filled foamy macrophages

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16
Q

what happens during the intermediate lesion of atheroma formation?

A

-fibrous cap is formed of smooth muscle cells between endothelium and macrophages and amongst macrophages
-macrophage death occurs
-formation of lipid droplets

17
Q

what are the characteristics of an advanced lesion in atheroma formation?

A

-elevated areas of intimal thickening
-firm and dome shaped bulging into the lumen
-contains a central core of lipid, necrotic mass
-contains a fibrous plaque of macrophages and collagen

18
Q

risk factors for developing atherosclerosis

A

-age
-gender
-hypertension
-high plasma cholesterol
-diabetes
-smoking
-lifestyle: lack of exercise, obesity, stress

19
Q

what are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

A

-infarction/ ischaemia
-thrombosis
-aneurysms
-atheromatous embolism
-haemorrhage into plaque
-chronic inflammation

20
Q

how can ischaemia/ infarction be treated?

A

by-pass surgery, thrombolytic drugs

21
Q

what can cause hemianopia?

A

stroke, where half your vision is lost

22
Q

what is an aneurysm? what does it usually affect?

A

a weakening of arterial wall causing a distortion/ outward bulge. Can cause a medial thinning beneath the plaque known as an atherosclerotic aneurysm
-usually affects aorta and other muscular arteries

23
Q

give the risk factors of hypertension

A

-high salt intake
-high alcohol intake
-coffee
-smoking
-stress
-cold environment

24
Q

what is associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease?

A

hypertension

25
Q

what is the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) of someone with hypertension?

A

-systolic >160mmHg
-diastolic > 90mmHg

26
Q

how arteriolosclerosis cause hypertension?

A

as it causes thickening and loss of elasticity in small arteries and arterioles hence decreasing lumen size of small arteries and arterioles

27
Q

what does malignant hypertension cause in general? what does it cause occularly?

A

generally
-smooth muscle cell proliferation
-increased collagen and GAGs
-increased number of concentric layers
-fixed lumen size

ocularly
-microaneurysms of retinal vessels
-haemorrhages of retinal vessels
-optic nerve swelling

Optometry Class OP4102 (19 decks)

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