bones Flashcards
define articulation
a joint
define suture
articulation between cranial bones
define facet
a small and smooth articular surface
define foramen
an opening through a bone
define fossa
a broad shallow depressed area
define canal
a long, tunnel like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels
define meatus
short canal
be able to label the 4 areas of the skull where sensory organs are
check optom screenshots
what are the 4 sections of the orbit?
roof, floor, lateral wall and medial wall
what do the cranial bones do?
form the cranial case housing the brain
what two types of bones does the orbit consist of?
cranial and facial bones
what is the foramen magnum and what bone is it on?
it’s where the inferior part of the brain connects to the spinal cord. found in the occipital bone
what are the perital bones?
they are the side bones of the skull and forms most of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
where are the temporal bones situated?
the sides amd base of the skull
where is the mastoid portion situated
in the temporal bones that cover the inner ear. when the mastoid cells get inflammed its called mastoiditis
what are the two main portions of the frontal bone?
the vertical portion - the squama which correspond with the region of the forehead
horizontal
what forms the roofs of the orbits and cranial floors and what’s it for?
the frontal bone superior to the orbit and helps to protect the eyeball
learn the bones of the orbit
what is a blowout fracture?
where the eyeball swells as a result of pressure causing the inferior rectus of the orbit to fracture
what is the sphenoid bone?
the ‘keystone’ of the cranial floor by articulating with all other bones to hold them together
in the sphenoid bone, what do the greater and lesser wings form?
greater form part of the cranial floor and lateral wall of the skull
lesser form part of the cranial floor and posterior part of the orbit
what does the lacrimal bone contain?
the lacrimal sac as it forms part of the medial wall
what is the ethmoid bone?
a major supporting structure of the nasal cavity. forms part of the medial orbital wall
what do zygomatic bones do?
form the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit
what do the maxilla bones make up?
part of the floors of the orbits and part of the nasal cavity
what do the mandible bones form?
the jaw
what are vomer bones?
components of the nasal septum on the floor of the nasal cavity
what are the three earbones?
the malleus, incus and stapes
what percentage of the human weight does bone make up?
20%
give examples of:
long bones
flat or tabular bones
blocky and irregular bones
-limbs
-cranium, shoulder, pelvis and ribcage
-ankle, wrist, spine
what are the two main parts that make up long bones?
the tube - diaphysis and the expanded ends - epiphysis
give the substructures of bone
-cortical bone
-trabecular/ cancellous spongy bone
what is the medullary cavity? how much % of body weight does it make up?
bone marrow in long bone, produces new blood cells and makes up 4% of total body weight
what intracellular materials make up the bone microstructure and what are the percentages?
-water 25%
-protein fibres 25%
-crystallised materials 50%
what are the four types of cells that are present in bone tissue?
-osteogenic cells
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts
what is the function of osteoblasts?
to synthesise and secret collagen and organic components of the matrix and initiate calcification
what do osteoclasts do?
release acids and enzymes to digest tissue
what are osteocytes and what do they do?
they are derived from osteoblasts that are no longer synthesising collagen, star shaped networked via canaliculi which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste
how does collagen occur in the bone?
as a naturally occuring form of calcium apatite
what causes osteoporosis?
- hormones regulate Ca2+ movement between bone, kidney and intestine
- this causes hormone problems such as post menopause in women
- bone re-absorption exceeds bone deposition
what two types of bone have the same microstructure
trabecular bone is the same as cortical bone
what tissue is bone covered by?
endo and periostea osteogenic tissues, dense irregular connective tissue
what does process mean?
a relatively large projection or prominent bump
