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Optometry Class OP4102 > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

1
Q

define articulation

A

a joint

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2
Q

define suture

A

articulation between cranial bones

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3
Q

define facet

A

a small and smooth articular surface

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4
Q

define foramen

A

an opening through a bone

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5
Q

define fossa

A

a broad shallow depressed area

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6
Q

define canal

A

a long, tunnel like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels

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7
Q

define meatus

A

short canal

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8
Q

be able to label the 4 areas of the skull where sensory organs are

A

check optom screenshots

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9
Q

what are the 4 sections of the orbit?

A

roof, floor, lateral wall and medial wall

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10
Q

what do the cranial bones do?

A

form the cranial case housing the brain

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11
Q

what two types of bones does the orbit consist of?

A

cranial and facial bones

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12
Q

what is the foramen magnum and what bone is it on?

A

it’s where the inferior part of the brain connects to the spinal cord. found in the occipital bone

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13
Q

what are the perital bones?

A

they are the side bones of the skull and forms most of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

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14
Q

where are the temporal bones situated?

A

the sides amd base of the skull

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15
Q

where is the mastoid portion situated

A

in the temporal bones that cover the inner ear. when the mastoid cells get inflammed its called mastoiditis

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16
Q

what are the two main portions of the frontal bone?

A

the vertical portion - the squama which correspond with the region of the forehead
horizontal

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17
Q

what forms the roofs of the orbits and cranial floors and what’s it for?

A

the frontal bone superior to the orbit and helps to protect the eyeball

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18
Q

learn the bones of the orbit

A
19
Q

what is a blowout fracture?

A

where the eyeball swells as a result of pressure causing the inferior rectus of the orbit to fracture

20
Q

what is the sphenoid bone?

A

the ‘keystone’ of the cranial floor by articulating with all other bones to hold them together

21
Q

in the sphenoid bone, what do the greater and lesser wings form?

A

greater form part of the cranial floor and lateral wall of the skull
lesser form part of the cranial floor and posterior part of the orbit

22
Q

what does the lacrimal bone contain?

A

the lacrimal sac as it forms part of the medial wall

23
Q

what is the ethmoid bone?

A

a major supporting structure of the nasal cavity. forms part of the medial orbital wall

24
Q

what do zygomatic bones do?

A

form the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit

25
Q

what do the maxilla bones make up?

A

part of the floors of the orbits and part of the nasal cavity

26
Q

what do the mandible bones form?

A

the jaw

26
Q

what are vomer bones?

A

components of the nasal septum on the floor of the nasal cavity

26
Q

what are the three earbones?

A

the malleus, incus and stapes

26
Q

what percentage of the human weight does bone make up?

A

20%

26
Q

give examples of:
long bones
flat or tabular bones
blocky and irregular bones

A

-limbs
-cranium, shoulder, pelvis and ribcage
-ankle, wrist, spine

26
Q

what are the two main parts that make up long bones?

A

the tube - diaphysis and the expanded ends - epiphysis

27
Q

give the substructures of bone

A

-cortical bone
-trabecular/ cancellous spongy bone

28
Q

what is the medullary cavity? how much % of body weight does it make up?

A

bone marrow in long bone, produces new blood cells and makes up 4% of total body weight

29
Q

what intracellular materials make up the bone microstructure and what are the percentages?

A

-water 25%
-protein fibres 25%
-crystallised materials 50%

30
Q

what are the four types of cells that are present in bone tissue?

A

-osteogenic cells
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

31
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts?

A

to synthesise and secret collagen and organic components of the matrix and initiate calcification

31
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

release acids and enzymes to digest tissue

31
Q

what are osteocytes and what do they do?

A

they are derived from osteoblasts that are no longer synthesising collagen, star shaped networked via canaliculi which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste

32
Q

how does collagen occur in the bone?

A

as a naturally occuring form of calcium apatite

32
Q

what causes osteoporosis?

A
  1. hormones regulate Ca2+ movement between bone, kidney and intestine
  2. this causes hormone problems such as post menopause in women
  3. bone re-absorption exceeds bone deposition
32
Q

what two types of bone have the same microstructure

A

trabecular bone is the same as cortical bone

33
Q

what tissue is bone covered by?

A

endo and periostea osteogenic tissues, dense irregular connective tissue

34
Q

what does process mean?

A

a relatively large projection or prominent bump

35
Q
A

Optometry Class OP4102 (19 decks)

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