cardiovascular and respiratory systems (should be in OP4103) Flashcards
what does malignant hypertension look like in the retina?
you could see hard exudates and disc swelling
what are the two parts of the circulatory system?
-pulmonary circulation where blood is carried between the lungs and the heart
-systemic circulation where blood is carried between the heart and the rest of the body
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
-links external environment to tissues
-distributes essential metabolites
-removes metabolic waste such as co2 from tissues
-circulates hormones of endocrine system
-distributes heat to maintain body temp
-transports blood coagulation factors
-transports cells and antibodies
what are the three layers of the heart?
-endocardium: thin layer of endothelium
-myocardium: cardiac muscle
-epicardium: thin external membrane
in the heart, what are branching muscle cells?
cells in the cardiac muscle (myocardium) that form intercalating disks that are synctium and in continuous cycle
Give the sequence of blood from the lungs and back to the lungs
From the lungs it goes to the
1. Pulmonary vein
2. Left atrium
3. Left ventricle
4. Aorta
5. Rest of the body
6. Vena cava
7. Right atrium
8. Right ventricle
9. Pulmonary artery
And back to the lungs
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What side of the heart deals with oxygenated and deoxygenated blood respectively
right deoxygenated and left oxygenated
What are the two types of atrioventricular valves and where are they each found?
- tricuspid valve found between the right atrium and ventricle
- bicuspid valve found between the left atrium and ventricle
What do the semi lunar valves do?
Prevent back-flow of blood from aorta into the ventricles
Name the vessels which are connected to the four chambers of the heart and what they do
aorta connected to the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except for the lungs
- the vena cava is connected to the right atrium and brings deoxygenated blood back from the tissue of the body (except the lungs)
- the pulmonary artery is connected to the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where is oxygen is replenished and co2 removed
- the pulmonary vein is connected to the left atrium and carries oxygenated blood into the heart from the lungs
For atrial systole,
What is it?
What does it cause to happen to:
-the volume of the atria
-the pressure of the atria
-the volume of the ventricles
-the pressure of the ventricles?
it’s when the atria contacts
- volume of atria decreases
- pressure in the the atria increases
- volume of the ventricles increases
- pressure in the ventricles decreases
For ventricle systole,
What is it? What does it cause to happen to: -the volume of the atria -the pressure of the atria -the volume of the ventricles -the pressure of the ventricles?
It’s when the ventricle contracts
- volume of atria has no change
- pressure in the atria has no change
- volume of ventricles decreases
- pressure in ventricles increases
For diástole,
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What is it?
What does it cause to happen to:
-the volume of the atria
-the pressure of the atria
-the volume of the ventricles
-the pressure of the ventricles?
When both chambers relax and the heart fills with blood
- Volume of the atria increases
- pressure of the atria increases
- volume of the ventricles slowly increases
- pressure of the ventricles slowly increases
What causes valves to open or to close?
When there’s differences in pressure between the compartments
In a chamber, when is high pressure achieved?
When the chamber fills with blood as the muscles of the chamber walls contract decreasing the volume
When do the atrioventricular valves close?
When the pressure in the ventricle is greater than the pressure in the atria
Where are atrioventricular valves located, what do they do and why is this useful?
Located between the atrium and ventricle and right atrium and ventricle
- they close to prevent back flow of blood when contraction of ventricles means ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
- the closure allows blood to move into the aorta and pulmonary artery from the ventricles when they contract rather than back into the atria
Where are the semi lunar valves located, what do they do and when do they do this?
- found in the aorta and pulmonary artery
- close to prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles when pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta exceeds that of the ventricles
- this happens when the elastic walls of the vessels recoil increasing the pressure within them and when the ventricle walls relax which reduces the pressure within them
What is the function of arteries?
To transport blood rapidly under high pressure from the heart to the tissues (the blood is therefor oxygenated in most cases)
What do arterioles do?
They carry blood under lower pressure than the arteries from arteries to capillaries and control the flow of blood between the two
What do veins do?
They transport blood slowly under low pressure from capillaries in the tissue to the heart