Circulatory and Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 1

To pump blood through the arteries and veins of the body

Question 2

How many chambers are there in the heart?

Answer 2

4 - two atria on top and two ventricles below

Question 3

What is the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 3

The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back again

Question 4

What is the systemic circulation?

Answer 4

The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again

Question 5

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 5

The sequence of events in a single heartbeat

Question 6

What is heart rate?

Answer 6

the number of times the cardiac cycle occurs in one minute. It is measured by counting the number of “lubb dupps” in one minute. The average adult heart rate is approximately 75 beats per minute. An individual’s heart rate can vary depending on a number of different factors, e.g. age, gender, fitness, drugs etc.

Question 7

What is blood pressure?

Answer 7

are explained using two pressure readings, systolic and diastolic using millimeters of mercury (mmHg) as the unit of measurement. The systolic reading is a measurement of the pressure applied by blood to the artery walls when the heart contracts. The diastolic reading is a measurement of the pressure applied to the artery walls by blood when the heart relaxes between beats. Blood pressure readings are written as systolic over diastolic, i.e. 120/80, and expressed as “120 over 80”.

Question 8

What is cardiac output?

Answer 8

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute. It is calculated by multiplying SV by BPM

Question 9

What is stroke volume?

Answer 9

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle during each heartbeat (measured in mm). In the average adult, SV is approximately 70–80 ml per beat

Question 10

What are blood vessels?

Answer 10

They transport blood around the body. There are over 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the body, and they include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins and venules

Question 11

What are Arteries, arterioles (small arteries)?

Answer 11

Blood flows from heart to body here, blood is oxygenated.

Question 12

What are veins and venules (small veins)?

Answer 12

Blood flows from body to heart, deoxygenated blood. Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood and maintain an unidirectional flow

Question 13

What are capillaries?

Answer 13

Very thin walls, single cell layer, allowing gases, nutrients, and other substances to pass through

Question 14

What are red blood cells?

Answer 14

In every drop of blood there are approximately 240-270 million red blood cells (RBCs). They are produced in the soft red bone marrow. The RBCs contain a protein called haemoglobin (Hb) which binds to the oxygen (O2) allowing O2 to be carried in the blood. Haemaglobin is the pigment that gives the RBCs, therefore the blood, its red colour.

Question 15

What are white blood cells?

Answer 15

are transparent. They are fewer in quantity. The WBCs are produced in the red bone marrow too. These are the cells of the immune system, our defence system. They fight infection and destroy bacteria and other harmful organisms. They protect the body by removing diseased or injured tissue.

Question 16

What is platelets?

Answer 16

they are cell fragments. Platelets aid in preventing blood loss by forming a plug of platelets. Platelets aid in blood clotting by releasing chemicals, giving the first stage of repair.

Question 17

What is plasma?

Answer 17

is the straw coloured liquid found in the blood and makes up 55% of blood volume. It is predominately water. It is also made up of solutes such as proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins and waste products.

Question 18

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Answer 18

Intake of oxygen (O2) into the body, and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the body

Question 19

Different ways air can enter the body?

Answer 19

Nose, mouth, phrynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 20

What is residual volume?

Answer 20

is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

Question 21

What is tidal volume?

Answer 21

is the amount of air that is displaced during a standard inhalation or exhalation, in other words, the amount of air breathed in during a normal breath.

Question 22

What is ventilation?

Answer 22

This is the air which enters and exists the lungs and is worked out by using the formula = Tidal Volume x Number of Breaths Per Minute

Question 23

What is forced maximum inspiration?

Answer 23

Exhaling normally and then breathing in as much air as possible, giving a measurement

Question 24

What is maximum forced expiration?

Answer 24

Breathing out as much air as possible

Question 25

What is vital capacity?

Answer 25

After maximum forced inspiration, breathing out as much air as possible, Maximum Forced Expiration would give a measure referred to as Vital Capacity

Question 26

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 26

The residual volume can be added to the vital capacity to calculate Total Lung Capacity. In the average adult this would be approximately 6000 ml or 6 litres.

Question 27

What is external respiration?

Answer 27

The process where oxygen is drawn into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.

Question 28

What is inspiration?

Answer 28

the active phase of ventilation because this is the phase in which the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract

Question 29

What is expiration?

Answer 29

the passive phase of ventilation, and no effort is required to bring it about. During expiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax.

Question 30

What is forced inspiration?

Answer 30

When we exercise, our muscles require substantially more oxygen to cope with this increased demand, so forced inspiration must occur.

Question 31

What is forced expiration?

Answer 31

Forced expiration is an active process produced by the contractions in the muscles surrounding the ribcage and those found in the abdominal region.

Question 32

What is the inhaled air of nitrogen?

Answer 32

79%

Question 33

What is the inhaled air of oxygen?

Answer 33

21%

Question 34

What is the exhaled air of nitrogen?

Answer 34

79%

Question 35

What is the exhaled air of oxygen?

Answer 35

16%

Question 36

What is venous return?

Answer 36

Refers to the return of blood back to the heart via the veins.

Question 37

What factors assist the venous return?

Answer 37

Gravity, non return valves, the diaphragm, the right atrium, smooth muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contractions

Question 38

What are the long term changes with exercise on the respiratory system?

Answer 38

the respiratory muscles increase in strength, larger respiratory volume which allows more oxygen to be diffused into the blood

Question 39

What are the long term changes with exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Answer 39

The cardiac muscle surrounding the heart increases in size, resulting in thicker, stronger walls and therefore increases in heart volumes. Resting heart rate decreases. The blood volume increases

Question 40

What are the long term changes with exercise on the respiratory system?

Answer 40

The amount of myoglobin within skeletal muscle increases, which allows more oxygen to be stored within the muscle and transported to the mitochondria. Muscles are capable of storing a larger amount of glycogen (carbohydrates) for energy