Circulation and respiration Flashcards
What is tidal volume, residual volume and vital capacity?
Tidal volume: amount of air that is inhaled during a normal breath
Residual volume: amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhalation.
Vital capacity: maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhale.
Carbon dioxide can be transported in three different ways. Which?
HCO3
CO2
Bound to hemoglobin
How does the kidneys and lungs compensate eachother to regulate pH?
Lungs can´t expel enough CO2 -> kidneys incrase bicarbonate uptake
Lungs expel too much CO2 -> kidneys excrete bicarbonate
Kidneys can´t remove enough acid/generate enough bicarbonate -> lungs increase respiration
Kidneys can´t excrete enough bicarbonate -> lungs slows respiration
How does gills in fishes works?
Water enters the fish´s mouth and flows over the gills. Oxygen is absorbed from the water and goes into the bloodstream. Blood flows in the opposite direction to water.
What is a closed circulatory system?
Blood in confines to a network of blood vessels. Blood enriched with red blood cells and hemoglobin.
What is a singe-loop circulatory system?
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gills/lungs. Oxygenated blood flows to the rest of the body, deoxygenated blood return to the heart and the cycle repeats.
What is a double-loop circulatory system?
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gills/lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body. Oxygen is delivered and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to repeat the cycle.
Difference between arteries and veins?
Vein: tube delivering fluid TO the heart
Artery: tube delivering fluid AWAY from the heart
Oncotic pressure
Maintants fluid balance between the blood vessels and surrounding tissues. Blood pressure causes the fluid to leak out and osmosis bring the fluid back in.
Capillary flow through arteriole or sphincter constrictrion.
Arteriole: decreases blood flow to entire downstream capillary bed
Sphincter: decreases blood flow to specific capillary bed
Lymphatic system
Collects excess filtered fluid and returns it to circulatory system.
Three-chambered heart
Two atria and one ventricle. The right atria receives deoxygenated blood and the left recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs. Blood from both atrias mix in the ventricle where it is pumpes out of the heart.
Four-chambered heart
Two atrias and two ventricles. The right artriumn recieves deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava. The left receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
Pacemaker cells
Trigger action potential without requiring external stimulation.
Conduction system in the heart
SA node generalted electrical impulse -> spread through the atria, causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles -> AV node -> bundle branches -> impulse spreads through the ventricles, leading to contraction
Heart valves
AV valves: located between the right atrium and right venctrile, and left artrium and left ventricle
Semilunar valves: located between the right ventricle and pulmanary artery, and left ventricle and the aorta.
Blood pressure increases when:
Blood volume increase
Heart rate increase
Stroke volume increase
Blood viscosity increase
Peripheral resistance increase
ADH and RAAS-system regulate blood pressure
ADH: increase water reabsoprtion in the kindeys -> increased blood volume
RAAS: increase sodium and water reabsorption -> increased blood volume
The baroreceptor reflex
It helps the body maintain blood pressure. Receptors located in the walls of blood vessels. They respond to changes in blood pressure.
