Circulation

Question 1

fluids in cavities

Answer 1

effusions

Question 2

anasarca

Answer 2

severe generalized edema, especially of subcutaneous tissue

Question 3

dependent edema

Answer 3

distribution by gravity

Question 4

pitting edema

Answer 4

finger pressure leaves a depression

Question 5

transudate

Answer 5

fluid of low protein content

Question 6

exudate

Answer 6

fluid of high protein content

Question 7

ascites

Answer 7

excessive peritoneal fluid

Question 8

hydrothorax

Answer 8

excessive pleural fluid

Question 9

hydrarthorsis

Answer 9

excessive joint fluid

Question 10

two mechanisms that cause generalized edema

Answer 10

1 insufficient serum protein b/c of decreased manufacture or loss (renal disease)

2 increased hydrostatic pressure in blood capillaries

Question 11

three mechanisms that cause localized edema

Answer 11

1 increased hydrostatic pressure in blood capillaries - venous

2 obstructoins of lymphatics

3 increased permeability of blood capillaries- inflammatoin

Question 12

what does edema look like on a slide

Answer 12

eosinophilic separation of tisue elements

Question 13

hyperemia (congestion)

Answer 13

increased blood volume in vascular space

Question 14

active vs hyperemia

Answer 14

increased inflow v decreased outflow

Question 15

hyperemia morphology

Answer 15

vascular engorgement

Question 16

hemorrhage

Answer 16

flow of blood out of the vascular compartment

Question 17

petechiae

Answer 17

minute hemorrhages in the skin, muscus membranes, or serosal surfaces

Question 18

purpura

Answer 18

slightly larger hemorrhages of surfaces

Question 19

ecchymosis

Answer 19

large hemorrhages of surfaces

Question 20

hematoma

Answer 20

pool of extravascular blood trapped in the tissues

Question 21

hemoptysis

Answer 21

coughing up blood arising from larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lung

Question 22

hematemesis

Answer 22

vomiting blood

Question 23

melena

Answer 23

evacuation of tar like stools of altered blood

Question 24

causes of local hemorrhage

Answer 24

trauma
infections
degeneration
neoplasia

Question 25

causes of general hemorrhage

Answer 25

hemorrhagic diathesis (coagulatoin or vascular defects)

Question 26

anemia

Answer 26

reduciotn in number/volume of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood caused by decreased production or increased loss of RBCs

Question 27

ischemia vs infarct

Answer 27

ishemia- partial to complete reduction of blood resulting in hypoxia or anoxia

infarct- focus of necrosis, usually coagulative, resulting from ischemia

Question 28

factors that affect the development of ischemia/infarct

Answer 28

1 supply of blood/oxygen
2 vascular pattern
3 rate of decrease of blood flow
4 tissue vulnerablity

Question 29

types of infarct

Answer 29

anemic- white/pale

hemorrhagic- red

Question 30

morphology of ischemia/infarct

Answer 30

muscle necrosis
neutrophil/macrophage
fibroblasts/collagen

Question 31

heart failure

Answer 31

failure of pump action of heart

Question 32

backward failure vs forward

Answer 32

failure to pump out of veins

failure to pump blood to meet needs of body

Question 33

congestive heart failure

Answer 33

“backwards” failure

right sided- RV fails to empty veins, resulting in an increase in pressure in the atria, venous system, and capillaries

left sided- LV fails to empty pulmonic veins, so pressure builds in pulmonic circulation in addition to above

Question 34

signs of left sided v right sided heart failure

Answer 34

left- dilated left ventricle, pulmonary edema

right- dilated right ventricle, systemic edema

Question 35

pleural effusions in congestive heart failure

Answer 35

can result from either left or right sided heart failure