Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

how does our immune system recognize microbes/dead tissue?

Answer 1

toll like receptors
g-protein coupled receptors
opsonins (Ab, C)
cytokine receptors (IFN-y)

Question 2

opsinization

Answer 2

coated microbes are targed for ingestion

Fc of IgG
C3b
collectin

recognitoin receptors

opsonin receptors
mannose receptors
scavenger receptors

Question 3

2 ways to kill

Answer 3

oxygen dependent- respiratory burst. coupling of phagocytosis w/ ROS w/in lysosme. stimuli induce cytosolic proteins to localize to lysosome membrane to produce ROS

oxygen independent- lysozymes

Question 4

important respiratory burst enzymes

Answer 4

NADPH oxidase
multicomponent oxidase
phagocyte oxidase-
creates superoxide and H2O2
nitric oxide synthase- creates peroxynitrite

Question 5

collateral damage of inflammation

Answer 5

4 types

normal- appropriate rxn against difficult to eradicate pathogens

autoimmunity- inappropriate defense rxn against host tissue

allergy- excessive defense rxn against harmless environmental substances

toxic- prolonged exposure to nondegradable exogenous material or endogenous toxi agents

most important damaging substances: lysozyme, ROS, NO

Question 6

LAD1/2

Answer 6

recurrent infections d/t defective adhesion molecules

Question 7

chronic granulomatous

Answer 7

organisms are ingested but not killed b/c of a lack of phacocyte oxidase

Question 8

chediak-higashi syndrome

Answer 8

defective fusion of phasomes and lysosomes

Question 9

inflammation terminatoin

Answer 9

passive and active

passive- neutrophils are short lived
mediators are short lived

active

• AA metabolites switch from pre to anti inflammatory lipoxins
• macrophages produced anti inflammatory cytokines
• anti-inflammatory lipid mediators
• neural impulses inhibit macrophage derived TNF

Question 10

what mediators push macrophages towards M1 or M2

Answer 10

TLR ligands/ IFN-y - M1

IL13, 4- M2

Question 11

scarring

Answer 11

connective tissue replacement

results after substantial tissue destruction and tissue paranchema cannot regenerate

Question 12

chronic inflammation

Answer 12

prolonged duration in which tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist in varying combination

characterized by lymphocyte, plasma cell, and macrophages infiltrates

tissue destruction, angiogenesis, fibrosis

Question 13

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 13

persistent infections

immune mediated inflammatory disease

prolonged exposure to toxic agents

Question 14

dominant player in chronic inflammation

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

granuloma

Answer 15

an attempt by macrophages to “wall off” a difficult to destroy infectious agent

have giant cell and collar of lymphocytes

Question 16

sarcoidosis

Answer 16

non infectious granuloma

non casceous

Question 17

foreign body granuloma

Answer 17

inflammtion and granuloma in response to a foreign body being inserted

ex acrylic cosmetic filler