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Neuropharmacology > Cigarettes and Alcohol --> autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Cigarettes and Alcohol --> autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Gather internal/external information
Integrate information for assessment and meaning
Effect a motor response –> behaviour/chemical/neurochemical secretion
Regulate body homeostasis

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2
Q

autonomic NS broken into

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic
(enteric)

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3
Q

peripheral NS broken into

A

somatic

autonomic

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4
Q

autonomic NS

A

no control over it
often control over response unless it is a reflex
e.g. thirsty –> drink glass of water

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5
Q

how many cranial nerves do we have

A

12 pairs

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6
Q

somatic NS

A

motor divisions

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7
Q

autonomic bodily changes when body is frightened

A

sweaty palms
muscles tense
dry mouth
heart rate increases

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8
Q

most actions of autonomic NS are

A

involuntary

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9
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic NS work to..

A

oppose eachother

one stimulates, one inhibits

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10
Q

stress

fight or flight

A

sympathetic tone

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11
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic tone

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12
Q

main function of parasympathetic tone

A

maintain normal function

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13
Q

3 types of neuron structure

A

mulitpolar
bipolar
unipolar

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14
Q

peripheral NS made up of which type

A

unipolar neuron

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15
Q

structure of unipolar neuron

A

long dendrite
cell bodies together
wrapped into ganglia

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16
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

conduction of action potentials and the release of neurotransmitters

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17
Q

2nd class of cell that supports neuronal communication

A

glial cells

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18
Q

glial cells in PNS

A

schwann cells

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19
Q

glial cells in CNS

A

oligodendrocites

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20
Q

role of schwann cell on axon

A

provides insulation
prevents short circuits
increases speed of nerve impulses

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21
Q

length of ganglions in sympathetic division

A

short pre-ganglionic

long post-ganglionic

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22
Q

long pre-ganglion

short post-ganglion

A

parasympathetic

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23
Q

examples of effector organs

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle e.g. blood vessels
glands e.g. adrenal gland

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24
Q

type of NS innervated along the spine

A

sympathetic

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25
Q

how many branches of parasympathetic NS

A

2
cranial
sacral (tip of spinal cor)

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26
Q

physiological effects of PsNS

A 
stimulates flow of saliva
slows heartbeat
constricts bronchioles in lungs
stimulates peristalsis and secretions in stomach
stimulates release of bile in liver
contracts bladder
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27
Q

physiological effects of SNS

A 
dilates pupil of eye
inhibits flow of saliva
accelerates heartbeat
dilates bronchi --> more O2
stomach --> suppresses peristalsis/secretion
liver --> conversion of glycogen to glucose for energy
adrenal gland secretions 
inhibits bladder constriction
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28
Q

sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibre releases

A

acetylcholine to the autonomic ganglion

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29
Q

effect of acetylcholine release

A

excitatory

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30
Q

sympathic post-ganglionic fibre releases

A

norepinephrine

noradrenaline

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31
Q

neurotransmitters released in parasympathetic

A

acetylcholine released by both neurons

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32
Q

which type of nervous have a chain of a collection of nerve fibres

A

sympathetic chain

thoracic-lumbar region

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33
Q

dual innervation

A

most organs innervated by a combination of para and sympathetic nervous systems of the ANS
neuromodulation

34
Q

where is ACh synthesised

A

partly in nerve terminal

partly in diet

35
Q

which part of Ach is synthesised in nerve terminal

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

mitochondria

36
Q

which part of Ach is injested

37
Q

what regulates degradation or removal of Ach

A

acetylcholinesterase

38
Q

biosynthesis of norepinephrine

A

tyrosine –> L-DOPA –> dopamine –> norepinephrine

39
Q

role of tyrosine dehydroxylase

A

converts tyrosine to L-dopa

40
Q

where is tyrosine from

A

diet

protein

41
Q

role of dopa decarboxylase

A

converts L-Dopa to dopamine

42
Q

role of dopamine hydroxylase

A

converts dopamine to norepinephrine

43
Q

what is required to take up epinephrine

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

44
Q

acetylcholine receptors

A

nicotinic

muscarinic

45
Q

norepinephrine receptors

A

adrenergic

46
Q

classes of adrenergic receptors

A 
a1
a2
B1
B2
B3
47
Q

muscarinic

48
Q

nicotinic

A

ligand gated ion channel

conducts sodium through pore

49
Q

muscarinic coupled to G proteins which influence….

A

potassium channels
phospholipase C
adenyl cyclase

50
Q

locations of muscarinic receptors

A

located post-synaptically
e.g. smooth/cardiac muscle
glands
effector organs

51
Q

location of nicotinic receptors

A

ganglia of parasymp and symp

52
Q

all pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons are …

A

excitatory

53
Q

single/low-freq pre-ganglionic firing

A

release of Ach
nicotinic receptors activated
fast EPSP stimulated

54
Q

high freq stimulation

A

greater release of Ach
also release of LHRH
complex postganglionic response

55
Q

why is the post ganglionic response complex after high frequency stimulation of pre-ganglionic firing

A

fast EPSP
slow IPSP
mediation via GIRK channels
delays conduction of EPSP due to LHRH

56
Q

modulation of channel activity

A

slow or high frequency stimulation

57
Q

classes of muscarinic receptor s

58
Q

which muscarinic receptors couple to phospholipase C

A

ODD

M1
M3
M5

stimulation

59
Q

which muscarinic receptors couple to adenylyl cyclase

A

EVEN

M2
M4

inhibition

60
Q

a1

A

adrenergic receptor found on most sympathetic target tissue
activates PLC
increases Ca2+

61
Q

a2

A

found on smooth muscle, pancreas
inhibits adenyl cyclase
decreases cAMP

62
Q

B1

A

found in heart and salivary glands
activates adenyl cyclase
increases cAMP

63
Q

B2

A

found in smooth and skeletal muscle
activates adenyl cyclase
increases cAMP

64
Q

B3

A

found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
activates adenyl cyclase
increases cAMP

65
Q

parasympathimometic drugs

A

drugs which exert action similar to acetylcholine

can be reversible or irreversible

66
Q

2 types of parasympathimometic drugs

A

drugs that directly stimulate cholinergic receptors

drugs that inhibit cholinesterase enzyme

67
Q

parasympatholytic drugs

A

antagonise action of acetylcholine

68
Q

nicotine as a parasympatholytic drug

A

lots of nicotine
desensitize receptor due to prolonged depolarisation
results in tolerance

69
Q

parasympatholytic competitive inihbitors

A

occupy Ach binding site to prevent Ach action

70
Q

parasympatholytic drugs work by 2 mechanisms

A

competitive inhibition

persistent depolarisation

71
Q

persistent depolarisation

A

prolonged desensitisation of Ach receptor therefore preventing excitation of the receptor by the released Ach

72
Q

drugs that act on alpha adrenergic receptor

A

stimulate a1 receptors

block a2 receptors –> decrease activity

73
Q

effect of beta blockers

A

slow heart rate

74
Q

effect of G By subunit activating GIRK channels

A

slows down depolarisation and slows rate of heart beat

(K+ causes hyperpolarisation of cell)

parasympathetic

75
Q

effect of Gai activation in cardiac muscle

lowers PKA and cAMP levels

A 
reduces L-type calcium channel opening
reduces force (upstroke) of contraction

parasympathetic

76
Q

PVN

A

paraventricular nucleus
located in hypothalamus
master pre-autnomic control area

77
Q

hypothalamus has 3 coordinated types of output

what are they

A

autonomic:
- action on smooth muscles (blood vessels)

behavioural:
- conscious thirst drives search for fluid intake

endocrine:
- release of vasopressin (ADH) into the blood promoting water reabsorption

78
Q

what secretes epinephrine and norepineprhine

A

adrenal medulla

79
Q

chronic alcohol use deleterious to autonomic NS

A

demyelinates axons
slows conduction
cannot conduct impulses at high frequencies

80
Q

predominant effects of nicotine

A

stimulatory

81
Q

effects of alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation

A

the arteries constrict

increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heart

Neuropharmacology (14 decks)

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