Church History - Complete Flashcards

Question

The Great Schism

Answer 1

East/West division of the church in 1054 Reasons: -Intellectual alienation: Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West came at theology differently -Papal Authority: West asserted Pope's authority over the entire church, but East rejected it -Filioque Controversy: West added "filioque" to the Nicene creed, saying that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son

Answer 2

16th and 17th Century movement to reform the Church in response to theological and moral decay -Stressed salvation by grace through faith alone, authority of Scripture, and priesthood of believers

Answer 3

Meeting between Luther and Zwingli in 1529 to resolve their differences regarding the Lord's Supper which was unsuccessful.

Answer 4

16th Century reform of the Catholic Church and counter offensive against the Reformation

Answer 5

1545-1563, laid the groundwork for modern Catholicism - Centered authority in the Papacy - Corrected abuses in the church - Fixed Catholic doctrine in opposition to Protestantism - -Scripture and tradition are equal authorities - -Justification by grace + works

Answer 6

Educators and missionaries who were largely responsible for the Catholic church takin gback much of the ground it lost to the Protestants (society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola) 1534

Answer 7

Catholic church's systematic fight against heretics through trial and punishment. (italy and Spain primarily) 1250 Spanish - 1478 Roman - 1542

Answer 8

1618-1648 war, fought primarily in Germany, which involved most of the countries of Europe. Initial cause of the conflict was the divided allegiance to Catholicism vs. Protestantism in various German territories. - Peace of Augsburg had said that a territory's religion would be chosen by ruler. This caused many problems. - Result: War was a stalemate, freedom granted to be Catholics or Protestants, but brought growing indifference to religion leading to the Enlighenment

Answer 9

16th Century catechism composed in Heidelberg, Germany that teaches doctrines of Reformation -Commissioned by Prince Fredrick III -Primary authors were Olevianus and Ursinus 1563

Answer 10

16th Century Reformed confession written in the Netherlands -In light of Catholic persecution, sought to show that the Reformed were not rebels but held to Scripture From CRC: The Belgic Confession, written in 1561, owes its origin to the need for a clear and comprehensive statement of Reformed faith during the time of the Spanish inquisition in the Lowlands. Guido de Brès, its primary author, was pleading for understanding and toleration from King Philip II of Spain who was determined to root out all Protestant factions in his jurisdiction. Hence, this confession takes pains to point out the continuity of Reformed belief with that of the ancient Christian creeds, as well as to differentiate it from Catholic belief (on the one hand), and from Anabaptist teachings (on the other).

Answer 11

16th Century confessional statement of Swiss Reformed Church written by Bullinger, that presents Calvinism as historical Christianity.

Answer 12

17th Century (1618-1619) document, composed by Synod of Dort in the Netherlands, which presents the 5 points of Calvinism in response to the Remonstrants

Answer 13

1643-1647: Primarily composed of Puritans called by Long Parliament to advise on reforming the Church of England along Puritan and Presbyterian lines. Produced: Westminster Confession of Faith 1646- approv 1648 Westminster Larger Catechism 1648 westminster Shorter Catechism 1647 Directory of church government 1645.

Answer 14

17 Century response to dead orthodoxy in German Lutheranism. Emphasized experimentalism in the Bible, holiness and church reform - Zenzendorf and Philip Jacob Spenser were major leaders.

Answer 15

1717-1722 Century controversy in the church of Scotland over the relationship between law and gospel in the conversion process. Marrow men - grace freely offered to all Neonomians - grace offered to elect only who show signs of forsaking sin

Answer 16

Movement of revival in American from 1735 - 1743 through the Calvinistic preaching of Edwards and Whitfield.

Answer 17

Writers in the 2nd and 3rd Centuries whose work primarily answers the accusations of non-Christians. Includes Justin Martyr and Tatian

Answer 18

2nd century movement that emphasized continuing revelation and asceticism. Tertullian became an adherent late in life. Prophets Priscilla and Maximila.

Answer 19

Allegorical school of interpretation in ancient church (Clement of Alexandria and Origen)

Answer 20

More literal school of interpretation (Chrysostom)

Answer 21

4th Century men who are especially known for their opposition to Arianism and their theology of the Holy Spirit (Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa)

Answer 22

Movement that became popular after Constantine in which people withdrew from society into communities that stressed prayer, work, study, charity, and asceticism - Life of St. Anthony by Athanasius - Pattern from Benedict - Important orders: Benedictine, Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian

Answer 23

Medieval theological movement that used Aristotelian logic to create a theological system and embraced reason as a path to knowledge - Famous scholastics: Peter Abelard, Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas - Embraced reason as path to knowledge - Explored relationship between Scripture and non-Christian theology, especially Aristotle - Used dialectical method of writing, teaching, and organizing thoughts

Answer 24

Movement in the Renaissance and early reformation that said man was the measure of all things, encouraging a return to original sources

Answer 25

Movement that arose during the Reformation that wanted complete separation of church and state and experience of regeneration over forensic justification, rejected infant baptism.

Answer 26

1530 Primary confession of Lutheran faith written by Philip Melancthon and presented to Emperor Charles the V Part of Book of Concord - Doctrinal Standard of Lutheran church

Answer 27

Movement that sought to purify the Church of England in 17th century, especially reacting to the form of Anglican worship (John Owen, Richard Baxter)

Answer 28

Heresy of the 16-18th Centuries created by Socinius, which rejected the diety of Christ, his atoning death on the cross and the foreknowledge of God -Forerunner of modern Unitarianism and Open Theism.

Answer 29

19-20th Century movement centering on adapting Christian ideas to better cohere with modern culture and thought, which emphasizes reason over Scritpure as the ultimate source of knowledge

Answer 30

Writers of the 1st and 2nd Centuries who are traditionally thought to have come in contact with the apostles (Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp)

Answer 31

1-2nd Century bishop of Rome who wrote a letter to Corinth regarding their improper dismissal of church leaders; and is mentioned in Philippians

Answer 32

2nd century bishop of Antioch who wrote a series of letters to churches in Asia Minor and his way to Rome for martrydom

Answer 33

2nd century bishop of Smyrna, disciple of John, early Christian martyr, wrote an epistle to the Philippians

Answer 34

2nd century heretic who distinguished between the OT and NT gods, rejected OT and issued his own limited version of NT

Answer 35

2nd century apolgist who wrote 2 apologies and "Dialogue with Trypho." He defended the Christian Faith in terms that were acceptable to Greek philosophy by synthesiszing with Platonism

Answer 36

2nd century bishop of Lyons wrote "Against Heresies" directed at Gnosticism

Answer 37

2nd-3rd Century theologian, wrote "Apology" and "against Marciaon", wrote about the Trinity, later became a Montanist

Answer 38

2nd-3rd century theologian wrote "Stromateis", was a platonist.

Answer 39

3rd century bishop of Carthage, wrote "The Unity fo the Church," high view of the church, taught that baptism can only be performed by the one Catholic church ("outside the church there is no ordinary possibility of salvation")

Answer 40

3rd Century alexandrian theologian who was a pioneer in allegorical interpretation, and wrote the apology "Against Celsus", the first systematic theology "First Principles", and the Hexapla.

Answer 41

3rd-4th century bishop of Caesarea who wrote the first church history

Answer 42

4th Century theologian who opposed Arianism. Wrote "On the Incarnation" and "Life of Anthony"

Answer 43

4th Century Emperor who legalized Christiniaty and called the council of Nicea

Answer 44

4th century bishop of Salamis, wrote "Panarion" against all heresies known up to his day

Answer 45

4th-5th century bishop of Constantinople known for his preaching, exiled for opposing imperial and church politics

Answer 46

4th-5th century theologian best known for translating the Bible into Latin, the "Vulgate"

Answer 47

4th-5th century heretic who emphasized human free will and moral responsibility, denied original sin, and taught salvation through meritorious obedience. His chief opponent and critic was Augustine.

Answer 48

4th-5th century Bishop of Hippo, who was one of the most influential theologians in the history of the church. Wrote many works including "Confessions" and "City of God"

Answer 49

6th-7th century Pope whose reign inaugurated the middle ages and who greatly increased the power of the papacy. Wrote "Pastoral Rule"

Answer 50

14th century British theologian known as the morning star of the Reformation. Taught at Oxford, opposed transubstantiation, translated the Bible into English, and opposed papal authority

Answer 51

14th-15th century Bohemian theologian who attacked clerical abuses and papal authority, emphasizing the priesthood of all believers and the authority of Scripture. He was burned at the stake.

Answer 52

Leading Humanist of the 16th Century who wanted to reform the church through scholarship. He produced a new latin translation of the NT, wrote Diatribe on Free Will as a polemic against Luther's theology.

Answer 53

16th century German theologian whose work was the primary catalyst for the Reformation. He recovered the doctrines of justification by faith, the ultimate authority of Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. 95 Theses nailed to the door of Wittenburg - 1517

Answer 54

16 century associate of Luther who systematized Luther's work in the Augsburg confession and "Loci Communes"

Answer 55

16th Century Swiss Reformer who disputed with the Anabaptists and taught the memorial view of the Lord's Supper.

Answer 56

16th century Reformer who was born in France and ministered in Geneva. Founder of modern Reformed theology, and author of "Institutes of the Christian Religion"

Answer 57

16th Century Scottish Reformer, who led the reformation of the Scottish church and was heavily influetntial in the development of Presbyterian Worship and doctrine. Wrote "The Scots Confession" and the "The Book of Discipline."

Answer 58

Group of Scots who signed the 17th century National Covenant, protesting the English monarchy's imposition of Episcopal church government and the Book of Common Prayer upon Scotland

Answer 59

17the Century Dutch theologian who founded Arminianism. - Denies original sin man - Jesus makes possible the salvation of all.

Answer 60

17th century Reformed theologian and school that attempted to synthesize the Calvinist view of divine election with the Arminian view of unlimited atonement

Answer 61

17th Century Puritan and author of "The Reformed Pastor"

Answer 62

529 Affirmed salvation by grace against semi-Pelagianism

Answer 63

Separated Church of England from Rome - 1534

Answer 64

Francis Makemie, who immigrated to the US in 1682

Answer 65

1706, in Philadelphia (by Francis Makemie)

Answer 66

1716, formed by the Presbytery of Philadelphia

Answer 67

1729, the Synod of Philadelphia adopted the Westminster Standards and mandated that all ministers adhere to them

Answer 68

Was the first great schism in American Presbyterianism and took place May 27, 1741 during the 1st great awakening. The division centered over itinerant revivalist preachers who would travel outside of their own parish and presbytery to hold meetings , without getting permission from the pastors in that area. Old side being anti-revivalist New side being pro-revivalist. There was also issue of education, Old siders were strict-subscriptionists and wanted only immigrants ordained who were educated in England or at harvard or yale. While New Siders were beginning their own educational institutions such as the Log College.

Answer 69

1788, restructuring the church from one synod into 16 presbyteries, 3 synods and the general assembly. - This was largely led by John Witherspoon, president of Princeton and signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Answer 70

It ended by 1852 north and 1837 Southern. It was a plan to unite the Presbyterian and Congregational denominations in evangelizing the Old Nortwest - Failed

Answer 71

19th century debate precipitated by the 2nd Great Awakening, which resulted in the Presbyterian church splitting into 2 denominations -Issues were doctrine (old school was Calvinistic, and new school was more Arminian), subscription to the standards (old school was strict subscriptionism, and the new school was system subscriptionism), church polity (old school focused on denominational identity, and the new school was on interdenominational consciousness), revivalism (old school focused on conversion by the Spirit, while the New school focused on the use of means for conversion), and social reform (old school often supported slavery, and the new school supported abolition)

Answer 72

- Old and new schools each split over the issues of slavery and states' rights. - Old and New school churches in North united to form the PCUSA, and in the south they formed the PCCSA, which would later become the PCUS. - -The New school in 1856 declared slavery a sin deserving of discipline, and in the following year the southern churches formed the United Synod of the south, breaking from the Northern churches - -The Old school in 1861 said churches must support the federal government, putting southern churches in an awkward spot, leadin gthem to form the Presbyterian Church of the Confederate States of America (PCCSA) - -In the South, Old and New School churches reunited in 1864 to from a single denomination. Became the PCUS - -In the North, Old and New School churches reunited in 1868 to form a single denomination: PCUSA

Answer 73

James Henly Thornwell Robert Lewis Dabney Benjamin Morgan Palmer, John L Girardeau

Answer 74

Most important churchman of the 19th century South. He debated many issues with Charles Hodge. A leading voice in the Old School South and the PCCSA.

Answer 75

Professor at Union Seminary (VA) who defended slavery and was largely responsible for the union of the Old and New school churhces in the South

Answer 76

Moderator of the first GA of the PCCSA

Answer 77

Professor at Columbia Seminary who trained black church leaders and wrote against using instruments in worship

Answer 78

A group of ministers and seminary professors who created a secret organization for the purpose of getting men with liberal views into the bible colleges, seminaries, and principle pulpits of the denomination. By the 1960s, they controlled most of the seminaries, colleges, and most influential churches, as well as the most important influential churches, committees, synods, and GA of the PCUS

Answer 79

- Presbyterian Journal: vehicle for expressing the opinions of conservatives - Presbyterian Evangelical Fellowship: formed to offset the denomination's growing disinterest in evangelism - Concerned Presbyterians: organized to counteract liberal control of the PCUS organizational structures - Presbyterian Churchmen United: organized to counteract liberal control of the PCUS church courts

Answer 80

- Theological heresy stemming from a rejection of inerrancy - Ecumenical relations, including a potential merger with the liberal United Presbyterian Church (UPCUSA) - Elevation of the social gospel above missions and evangelism - Ordination of women - Moral concerns, including promotion of abortion and unbiblical views of marriage and divorce - Misuse of Presbyterian ecclesiology, including the presbytery owning the local church's property

Answer 81

Delegates from the four conservative organizations (Presbyterian Journal, Presbyterian Evangelical Fellowship, Concerned Presbyterians, Presbyterian Churchmen United) formed a Conservative Caucus to organize their efforts

Answer 82

A Steering Committee was formed to organize a withdrawal from the denomination

Answer 83

- 1973 at Briarwood Presbyterian Church in Birmingham, AL - Moderator: Jack Williamson - Clerk: Morton H. Smith - Called National Presbyterian Church for first year

Answer 84

At the 1982 General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church Evangelical Synod joined the PCA

Answer 85

- NAPARC (North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council) - NAE (National Association of Evangelicals) - WRF (World Reformed Fellowship)

Answer 86

.Theodore Beza (Latin Theodorus Beza', French Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) (June 24, 1519 – October 13, 1605) was a French Protestant Christian theologian and scholar who played an important role in the Reformation. A member of the monarchomaque movement who opposed absolute monarchy, he was a disciple of John Calvin and lived most of his life in Switzerland.

Answer 87

.William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; c. 1494–1536) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English. He was influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus, who made the Greek New Testament available in Europe, and by Martin Luther.

Answer 88

.Lelio Francesco Maria Sozzini or simply Lelio (Latin Laelius Socinus) (Siena, January 29, 1525 – Zürich, May 4, 1562), was an Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer, and uncle of the better known Fausto Sozzini (Latin Faustus Socinus) from whom the Polish Brethren and early English Unitarians came to be called "Socinians".

Answer 89

.Moïse Amyraut, Latin Moyses Amyraldus (Bourgueil, September 1596 – January 8, 1664), in English texts often Moses Amyraut, was a French Protestant theologian and metaphysician. He is perhaps most noted for his modifications to Calvinist theology regarding the nature of Christ's atonement, which is referred to as Amyraldism or Amyraldianism.[1][2] 4 point calvinist - no limited atonement.

Answer 90

.The Athanasian Creed, or Quicunque Vult (also Quicumque Vult), is a Christian statement of belief focused on Trinitarian doctrine and Christology. The Latin name of the creed, Quicumque vult, is taken from the opening words, "Whosoever wishes". The creed has been used by Christian churches since the sixth century. It is the first creed in which the equality of the three persons of the Trinity is explicitly stated. It differs from the Nicene-Constantinopolitan and Apostles' Creeds in the inclusion of anathemas, or condemnations of those who disagree with the creed (like the original Nicene Creed).

Answer 91

The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion are the historically defining statements of doctrines of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. First established in 1563, the articles served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practice.[1] The full name for the articles is commonly abbreviated as the Thirty-Nine Articles or the XXXIX Articles..

Answer 92

.The Savoy Declaration is a modification of the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646). Its full title is A Declaration of the Faith and Order owned and practiced in the Congregational Churches in England. It was drawn up in October 1658 by English Independents meeting at the Savoy Palace, London. Recontructing only the parts that relate to church govt.

Answer 93

.The Didache (/ˈdɪdəkiː/; Koine Greek: Διδαχή) or The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (Didachē means "Teaching"[1]) is a brief early Christian treatise, dated by most scholars to the late first or early 2nd century.[2] The first line of this treatise is "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles (or Nations) by the Twelve Apostles"[3] The text, parts of which constitute the oldest surviving written catechism, has three main sections dealing with Christian ethics, rituals such as baptism and Eucharist, and Church organization. It is considered the first example of the genre of the Church Orders. The work was considered by some of the Church Fathers as part of the New Testament[4] but rejected as spurious or non-canonical by others,[5] eventually not accepted into the New Testament canon. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church "broader canon" includes the Didascalia, a work which draws on the Didache.

Answer 94

498, both Pope Symmachus and Antipope Laurentius were elected pope. Issues over election reform and celebration of Easter. Who had support of the Ostrogothic king was key.

Answer 95

Christ has two natures but only one will. a development of the monophysite heresy. Condemned by Third Council of Constantinople in 681

Answer 96

Byzantine Iconoclasm 730-787 Second Council of Nicea 787 declared production of art and representations of Christ as good and right

Answer 97

Summa Theologica & Summa Contra Gentiles 1225-1274 Dominican Summa Theologica contains 'the five ways' - five proofs for existence of God Substitution theory of atonement - major diff w/ anselm is that debt owed is not to God's honor but as a moral injustice to be righted

Answer 98

Benedictine Archbishop of Canterbury 1093-1109 Ontological Argument for Existence of God Satisfaction Theory of Atonement - debt to God's honor

Answer 99

1181-1226 Founded Franciscans - 'Order of Friars Minor' Life of simplicity/poverty The Primitive Rule - To follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps

Answer 100

1079-1141 Scholastic - bringing together philosophy and theology to make God understandable Moral Ransom theory of atonement - world needed love for Christ/God excited by supreme act of love Limbo Infantium - Infants who die pre-baptism do not go straight to hell, as previously thought, but live in Limbo - natural bliss, but not supernatural bliss

Answer 101

1090-1153 - French. Helped build Cistercians. Outlined 'Rule of the Knights Templar' at council of Troyes Mary is mediator/intercessor for us Emphasized Lectio Divina and contemplation Skeptical of immaculate conception Quoted by Calvin re: sola fide and imputed righteousness

Answer 102

1160-1216 Oversaw 4th Crusade - conquered Constantinople 4th Lateran Council - most important council of middle ages - 1215. 70 decrees. Organized 5th Crusade.

Answer 103

Founded by Francis of Assisi. High value on simple life, poverty as the way of Jesus.

Answer 104

.1521 - Holy Roman Empire at Worms Germany. Addressed Luther - Emperor Charles V condemming Martin Luther as a heretic. Luther made his famous -" I cannot and will not recant and go against conscience...."

Answer 105

God is 'That than which nothing greater can be conceived' Put forward by Anselm in Proslogion 1078

Answer 106

Put forward by Anselm in "Cur Deus Homo?" Substitutionary work of Christ, satisfying demands of divine honor. Emphasis on God as the one owed the debt by humanity, not God paying the devil for humanity, as in the ransom theory Anselm's view differs from later development of penal substitution: Christ satisfies our debt of honor by his honorable act, meriting a surplus of honor and therefore paying what we could not. He does not pay the penalty or suffer the punishment for us, but his honor takes away the need for punishment.

Answer 107

Christ offers himself as a ransom for sinners - often to the devil as the one who 'owns' sinners.

Answer 108

Originated with Irenaeus (125-202 AD). He sees Christ as the new Adam, who systematically undoes what Adam did.

Answer 109

This view was formulated by the 16th century Reformers as an extension of Anselm's Satisfaction theory. Anselm's theory was correct in introducing the satisfaction aspect of Christ's work and its necessity, however the Reformers saw it as insufficient because it was referenced to God's honor rather than his justice and holiness and was couched more in terms of a commercial transaction than a penal substitution. This Reformed view says simply that Christ died for man, in man's place, taking his sins and bearing them for him. The bearing of man's sins takes the punishment for them and sets the believer free from the penal demands of the law: The righteousness of the law and the holiness of God are satisfied by this substitution.

Answer 110

God made Christ an example of suffering to exhibit to erring man that sin is displeasing to him. God's moral government of the world made it necessary for him to evince his wrath against sin in Christ. Christ died as a token of God's displeasure toward sin and it was accepted by God as sufficient; but actually God does not exact strict justice. This view was formulated by Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) and is subsequently found in Arminianism, Charles Finney, the New England Theology of Jonathan Edwards (the younger), and Methodism.

Answer 111

Formulated by Peter Abelard (1079-1142) partially in reaction against Anselm's Satisfaction theory, this view was held by the 16th century Socinians. Christ died to influence mankind toward moral improvement - his death impresses on them God's love

Answer 112

The Auburn Affirmation was a document dated May 1924, with the title "AN AFFIRMATION designed to safeguard the unity and liberty of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America", authored by an eleven-member Conference Committee and signed by 1274 ministers of the PCUSA. The Affirmation challenged the right of the highest body of the church, the General Assembly, to impose the Five fundamentals as a test of orthodoxy without the concurrence of a vote from the regional bodies, the presbyteries. In 1910, 1916, and again in 1923, the General Assembly declared that every candidate seeking to be ordained in the Presbyterian Church ought to be able to affirm Inerrancy of the Scriptures The virgin birth (and the deity of Jesus) The doctrine of substitutionary atonement The bodily resurrection of Jesus The authenticity of Christ's miracles

Answer 113

Jerusalem Acts 15 - Salvation by faith to the gentiles

Answer 114

381 Apollinarism: : Divine person in Christ does not have a reasonable soul of man because Jesus is the Logos.

Answer 115

1. Administrative Committee of the General Assembly. 2. Committee on Christian Education and Publications. 3. Committee on Mission to North America. 4. Committee on Missions to the World. 5. Covenant College. 6. Covenant Seminary. 7. Insurance; Annuities and Relief. 8. PCA Foundation. 9. Ridge Haven.—SCO 14-1,12