Chronological Matter (11th-16th Century)

Question 1

11th Century

Answer 1

Rise of “Canon Regulars” in Church life;
Henry III “cleanses” Papacy, installs reforming Pope IX;
Papal Reform movement begins, known as Gregorian Reform after its most
prominent Pope, Gregory VII, and which leads to the Investiture Controversy; 1077: Emperor Henry IV submits to Gregory VII at Canosa, does penance; Carthusian and Cisterician orders founded as reform of Benedictine monastic life; Anselm writes famous treatise Why God Became Human;
1099: First Crusade takes Jerusalem

Question 2

12th Century

Answer 2

Large scale formation of popular movements aiming to imitate an “apostolic life,” among whom are found the Waldensians
1122, Concordat of Worms resolving Investiture Controversy; Bernard of Clairvaux, Abelard, Peter Lombard, Joachim of Fiore Rise of Scholastic theology;
Codification of Roman and Canon Law;
Rise of the Universities;

Question 3

13th Century

Answer 3

Fourth Crusade diverted to plunder Constantinople, sets up temporary Latin kingdom. Rise of the Mendicant Orders (or, the “Friars”): Carmelites, Franciscans, Dominicans,
Augustinians.
1215: Fourth Lateran Council proclaims transubstantiation a dogma, requires yearly
communion/confession.
Albigensian Crusade in southern France against heretical Cathars.
1274: death of Dominican Thomas Aquinas and Franciscan Bonaventura, the fruit of
mature Scholasticism.
1277: Condemnation of scholastic propositions by Bishop Tempier of Paris. Duns Scotus active (late 13th century).

Question 4

14th Century

Answer 4

1303: the year after he issues the high point in papal claims to sovereignty over secular powers (in Unum Sanctum), pope Boniface VIII is captured and humiliated by French troops.
“Babylonian Captivity of the Church:” Clement V moves papacy to Avignon in border of southern France (until 1377).
Meister Eckhart, Julian of Norwich, William of Ockham, Wycliffe, Gerard Groote, Dante, Chaucer all active.
Petrarch and others begin Italian Renaissance, birth of humanist methods and outlooks.
The Black Death, Plague, “100 years war” between France and England.
1378: beginning of the “Great Schism.”

Question 5

15th Century

Answer 5

1414: apex of Conciliar Movement as Council of Constance begins, which ends the Great Schism, and condemns Jan Huss; conciliar movement will come undone at Councils of Basel and Ferrara/Florence, as papal supremacy regains control.
First Renaissance Popes.
1453: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, end of Eastern Roman Empire.