Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 1

Define chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Answer 1

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal failure, is defined by either a pathological abnormality of the kidney, such as haematuria and/or proteinuria, or a reduction in GFR to <60 mL/minute/1.73 m² for ≥3 months’ duration.

Question 2

Explain the aetiology/risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Answer 2

Explain the aetiology/risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Question 3

Summarise the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Answer 3

This is a common condition that is often unrecognised until the most advanced stages. It is estimated that 11% of the adult population worldwide has CKD.

Question 4

Recognise the presenting symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recognise the signs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on physical examination.

Answer 4

Presence of risk factors
Fatigue
Oedema
Nausea with/without vomiting
Pruritus
Anorexia
Arthralgia
Enlarged prostate gland

Question 5

Identify appropriate investigations for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and interpret the results.

Answer 5

Serum creatinine
Urinalysis
Urine microalbumin
Renal ultrasound
Estimation of GFR