Bladder Cancer

Question 1

Define bladder cancer.

Answer 1

Cancer of the bladder. Over 90% of cancers of the urinary bladder are urothelial carcinoma (previously termed transitional cell carcinoma).

Question 2

Explain the aetiology/risk factors of bladder cancer.

Answer 2

Tobacco exposure
Exposure to chemical carcinogens e.g. naphthylamine
Age >55 years
Pelvic radiation
Systemic chemotherapy
Schistosoma infection
Male sex
Chronic bladder inflammation
Positive FHx

Question 3

Summarise the epidemiology of bladder cancer.

Answer 3

Bladder cancer ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence. It is the seventh most common cancer in men and the 17th most common cancer in women. Globally, the incidence of bladder cancer varies significantly, with Egypt, Western Europe, and North America having the highest incidence rates and Asian countries the lowest rates.

Question 4

Recognise the presenting symptoms of bladder cancer. Recognise the signs of bladder cancer on physical examination.

Answer 4

Haematuria (gross or microscopic)
Dysuria
Urinary frequency

Question 5

Identify appropriate investigations for bladder cancer and interpret the results.

Answer 5

Urinalysis