Chronic inflammation Flashcards
exam 1
Macrophage activation to kill ___________
intravesicular pathogens
No costimulation
T regulatory cells
impaired CD4 TH1 cell reponse
Immune response :
CD4 Th1 cells
Activated macrophages
Vesicular
Immune response: CD8 T cells NK cells NKT cells gd cells
cytoplasmic
Immune response:
CD4 Th2 cells B cells/PC IgG
Phagocytes Complement
Interstitial spaces, Blood and lymph
Immune response:
CD4 Th2 cells
B cells/PC IgA
CD4 Th17 cells
epithelial surfaces
Tuberculosis
Leprosy (tuberculoid)
Deep fungal diseases
Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)
intracellular pathogen, CD4 Th1 response
The accumulation of macrophages loaded with mycobacteria typically seen in lepromatous leprosy are a likely consequence of:
- A decrease in microbial immunogenicity
- A deficit in pattern recognition receptors
- A deficient T cell repertoire
- A defective Th1 response
- A defective antibody response
- A defective Th1 response
Pyogenic cocci
Spirochetes
Toxins
Parasites
CD4 Th2 cell response for extracellular pathogen
Klebsiella
Helicobacter
Fungi (candida)
Autoimmune disease
CD4 Th17 cell response,
Viral diseases (vaccinia, influenza, rabies, hepatitis) Listeriosis
CD8 cell response; intracellular pathogen
Cell mediated (type IV, CD4 T)
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Allergic contact dermatitis
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Clinical picture:
Blistering, erythema, induration
allergic contact dermitis
Lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma
Dermatomyositis
systemic autoimmune disease
Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s, Graves disease)
Type-1 diabetes mellitus
Addison’s disease
endocrine
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
neurological
Atherosclerosis
vascular
Autoimmune gastritis with pernicious anemia
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Gastrointestinal
Pemphigus Pemphigoid
Vitiligo Alopecia areata
Psoriasis Lichen planus
cutaneous
The usual reaction to non-degradable substances is in the form of foreign body __________ composed of macrophages (histiocytes) and multinucleated giant cells
granulomas
Mineral: silica (sand, glass), beryllium, zirconium
Plant (thorn), animal (insect parts)
Medical: suture material, synthetic grafts, implants
exogenous substances
Calcium, urate crystals, atheroma
Storage material
Keratin, hair
Dead tissue
endogenous non-degradable substances
are circumscribed collections of inflammatory cells that aggregate around a central “nidus
Granulomas
_________ can be composed of macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils
Granulomas
Granulomatous
Immune (hypersensitivity)-type granulomas
1. Caused by _________ i.e. mycobacteria, fungi, spirochetes, parasites
2. __________: i.e. sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease
- caused by microorganisms
2. Unknown cause
LONG-LASTING INFLAMMATION IN WHICH AFFECTED TISSUES ARE INFILTRATED MAINLY BY MACROPHAGES, LYMPHOCYES AND PLASMA CELLS
chronic
IN MOST CASES CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IS THE EXPRESSION OF AN __________ IMMUNE RESPONSE
ADAPTIVE
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAN FOLLOW OR BE ADMIXED WITH ACUTE INFLAMMATION AND WITH __________ AND _________
TISSUE REPAIR AND REGENERATION
Killing of extracellular pathogens
by stimulating antibody production by B cells
Th2 cell
Killing of intracellular pathogens
by activating macrophages
Th1 cell
Down-regulation of Th1, Th2, Th17 cells
T-regulatory cell
Killing of extracellular pathogens through recruitment of neutrophils
TH17 cell
mononuclear cell infiltration
macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
well-circumscribed aggregates of inflammatory cells bound together by extracellular matrix
granulomas
mononuclear phagocyte system
macrophages
macrophages make use of ___________ receptors to sense invading pathogens
pattern recognition
M1 type macrophages
Th1 cell
M2 type macrophages
Th2 cells
macrophages that resemble squamous epithelial
epithelioid macrophages
essential cell constituents of granulomas
multinucleated giant cells- macrophages
composed of macrophages and giant cells with virtually no lymphocytes
foreign body granulomas
sarcoidosis
unknown etiology of granulomatous disease
Granulomas can be formed in response to inert substances, _______________ which do not represent an adaptive immune response, but rather an innate immune response.
such as foreign bodies
Lepromatous leprosy and visceral leishmaniasis are clinical examples of chronic inflammation in a host with an impaired __________________
CD4 Th1 cell response
IL-6
both
IL-2,
chronic
IL-13.
chronic
IL-12,
chronic
IL-10,
chronic
IFN-g,
chronic
IL-1,
acute
TNF-a
acute
IL-8,
acute
_____________ is important in transforming macrophages into epithelioid cells in granuloma formation
Interferon-γ
