Cell Injury

Question 1

structural and functional barrier separating the cell’s internal milieu from the external environment

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

compartmentalize the internal environment

Answer 2

intracellular membrane

Question 3

one of the most important factors in the maintenance of homeostasis; 25% energy expenditure used for this

Answer 3

volume regulation

Question 4

stress leads to

Answer 4

adaptation

Question 5

increase in the cell size and functional capacity

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

hypertrophy can co-exist with

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

hypertrophy leads to an increase in

Answer 7

gene expressions, synthesis of structural components and cell survival and decrease in degradation

Question 8

tissue with cells in hypertrophy are

Answer 8

not capable of replication

Question 9

increased workload, hypertension, cardiomyocyte, hypertrophy

Answer 9

pathologic hypertrophy

Question 10

increased workload, pumping iron, skeletal muscle cell and hypertrophy

Answer 10

physiologic hypertrophy

Question 11

increase in cell number leading to increase in tissue/organ mass

Answer 11

hyperplasia

Question 12

tisssue with cells in hyperplasia are

Answer 12

capable of replication

Question 13

Hyperplasia leads to a proliferation

Answer 13

of differentiated cells and stem cells

Question 14

rapid growth through cell division in endometrial glands and stroma during the proliferative phase of the mestrual cycle

Answer 14

physiologic hyperplasia

Question 15

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 15

pathologic hyperplasia

Question 16

uterus during pregnancy

Answer 16

both hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 17

a reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size

Answer 17

atrophy

Question 18

atrophy leads to decrease and diminished

Answer 18

workload, metabolic activity and protein synthesis

Question 19

atrophy leads to an increase in

Answer 19

protein degradation and autophagy

Question 20

often as an adaptive response in which one adult cell type that is sensitive to a particular stress is replaced by a more resistant adult cell type

Answer 20

metaplasia

Question 21

metaplasia results because of a reprogramming of

Answer 21

stem cells and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the connective tissue

Question 22

persistent stressful condition may predispose to

Answer 22

malignant transformation

Question 23

reversible change with the replacement of one differentiated cell type by another

Answer 23

metaplasia

Question 24

Barrett’s esophagus

Answer 24

metaplasia

Question 25

disordered growth and maturation of the cellular component a tissue

Answer 25

dysplasia

Question 26

dysplasia results from a response to due a

Answer 26

persistence of injurious influence

Question 27

dysplasia results from a _________ _________ in a proliferating cell population

Answer 27

sequential mutation

Question 28

morphological expression of the disturbance in growth regulation

Answer 28

architectural anarchy

Question 29

shares many cytological features with cancer but usually regress upon removal of stimulus

Answer 29

dysplasia

Question 30

example of dysplasia

Answer 30

cervical dysplasia

Question 31

normal cell with injurious stimulus leads to

Answer 31

cell injury

Question 32

cell injury that is mild and transient

Answer 32

reversible injury

Question 33

cell injury that is severe and progressive

Answer 33

irreversible injury

Question 34

two fates of irreversible injury

Answer 34

1. necrosis | 2. apoptosis

Question 35

type, duration, severity of injury

Answer 35

responses

Question 36

type, state, adaptability of the injured cell

Answer 36

consequence

Question 37

oxidative pathway and glycolytic pathway can lead to

Answer 37

ATP production and depletion

Question 38

MPTP and Leakage of cytochrome C

Answer 38

irreversible mitochondrial damage

Question 39

cell injury occurs as a continuum without sharply define steps

Answer 39

progression of cell injury

Question 40

decrease oxygen level

Answer 40

hypoxia

Question 41

decreased oxygen and substrates

Answer 41

ischemia

Question 42

Progression of ischemic cell injury: Onset--> reversible---> irreversible---->

Answer 42

reperfusion injury

Question 43

temporary loss of volume and energy regulation

Answer 43

reversible cell injury

Question 44

``` reversible cell injury: ATP ____ ADP_____ aerobic pathway ____ anaerobic pathway_____ Glycogen stores____ catabolites _____ intracellular pH____ protein synthesis _____ ```

Answer 44

``` ATP decreases ADP increases aerobic pathway decreases anaerobic pathway increases Glycogen stores decreases catabolites accumulate intracellular pH decreases protein synthesis decreases ```

Question 45

vacuolar degeneration where cells stain lighter due to dilution of contents with the influx of water

Answer 45

hydropic change associated with reversible cell injury

Question 46

irreversible cell injury leads to a _______ of selective permeability and leakage of ______ molecules out of the cell

Answer 46

irreversible cell injury leads to a permanent loss of selective permeability and leakage of large molecules out of the cell

Question 47

appearance of certain large molecules in the serum is a sure sign that

Answer 47

irreversible cell injury has taken place

Question 48

nuclear changes is a clear indication of

Answer 48

cell death

Question 49

example of a reversible to irreversible cell injury

Answer 49

myocardial infarction

Question 50

what appears to be a critical factor in the point of no return

Answer 50

ATP depletion

Question 51

ischemia paradox

Answer 51

some cells die after re-establishment of blood flow

Question 52

degradation of a cell's own contents, self-eating

Answer 52

autophagy

Question 53

the process is controlled by a number of autphagy-related genes (ATG) and is a selective process mediated by specific

Answer 53

cargo-receptor proteins

Question 54

a primary driver of the accumulation of cell damage and aging

Answer 54

failure of autophagy

Question 55

acid phosphatase (AcP)

Answer 55

Prostate and bone

Question 56

creatine kinase (CK)

Answer 56

cardiac muscle and striated muscle

Question 57

Asparate transaminase (AST)

Answer 57

liver and cardiac muscle

Question 58

MM isoform

Answer 58

striated muscle

Question 59

lipase

Answer 59

pancreas

Question 60

amylase

Answer 60

pancreas, ovary, salivary glands

Question 61

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Answer 61

liver, bone, intestine, kidney and placenta

Question 62

MB isoform

Answer 62

cardiac muscle

Question 63

alanine transaminase

Answer 63

ALT

Question 64

lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 64

LDH

Question 65

CCL4, lipid peroxidation, membrane damage fatty change and necrosis in liver

Answer 65

free radical induced cell injury

Question 66

what occurs when there is a change in membrane permeability?

Answer 66

leakage of small molecules

Question 67

in protein metabolism, when it is disrupted and the polysomes dissociates into monosomes what happens

Answer 67

there is a reduction of protein synthesis

Question 68

is there a time lag behind biochemical changes?

Answer 68

yes

Question 69

cellular swelling

Answer 69

hydropic

Question 70

temporal relationship

Answer 70

morphological only becomes apparent until after the biochemical systems

Question 71

rush of calcium into the mitochondria

Answer 71

irreversible cell injury

Question 72

reversible change: changes in volume regulation

Answer 72

influx of sodium leads to swelling of the cell

Question 73

reversible change: changes in energy

Answer 73

increase in glycolysis and decrease in pH

Question 74

reversible change: effects in protein metabolism

Answer 74

reduction in protein synthesis

Question 75

reversible change: morphology

Answer 75

tima lag behind biochemical changes

Question 76

reversible injury: light microscopy

Answer 76

cellular swelling- hydropic

Question 77

reversible injury: electron microscopy

Answer 77

blebbing of the plasma membrane, blunting of microvilli, loosening of intracellular attachment

Question 78

irreversible: changes in volume regulation

Answer 78

permanent membrane damage

Question 79

irreversible: alteration in energy metabolsim

Answer 79

influx of calcium

Question 80

irreversible: other changes

Answer 80

- unfolded protein response

Question 81

irreversible: light microscopy

Answer 81

loss of differential staining and nuclear changes

Question 82

irreversible: electron microscopy

Answer 82

calcium crystals