Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patholoy > acute infl. > Flashcards

acute infl. Flashcards

exam 1

1
Q

rubor

A

redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tumor

A

swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

calor

A

warmth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dolor

A

pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functio laesa

A

loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why does inflammation occur?

A

response of vascularized tissue to injury, attempt to contain/ inactivate the insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are first on the scene, 4-24 hours and undergo apoptosis in 24-48 hours

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“the clean up crew” arrive after 24 hours (usually day 3), can proliferate, in the tissue they are called macrophages

A

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

arrive typically late and are associated with chronic inflammation (*viruses)

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are also late, produce antibodies

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

may be early responders and are associated with allergic reaction, parasites, etc

A

eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Develops within hours to days

Neutrophils and later macrophages

A

Acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Long lasting; weeks, months, years

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

A

Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a specialized form of chronic inflammation with granuloma formation

A

Granulomatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is defined by the accumulation of pus (dead neutrophils)

A

Purulent or suppurative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibrin-rich exudate (protein rich fluid, with many cells).

A

Fibrinous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fibrinogen leaves the ______ and _____ is formed in the extracellular space

A

Fibrinogen leaves blood vessel and fibrin is formed in the extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is fluid accumulation caused by a transudate (protein poor fluid, with few cells)

A

serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute inflammation sequence:

  1. Initiation of ________
  2. _________ vascular permeability
  3. Leukocyte ________
A

Acute inflammation sequence:

  1. Initiation of inflammation
  2. Increased vascular permeability
  3. Leukocyte extravasation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Regulation and Resolution for acute inflammation

A

Mediators
Systemic changes
Outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signal comes from _________ of epithelial and dendritic cells that recognize bacteria and dead cells

A

TLR (toll like receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cells secrete cytokines: __________ and __________

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Found in mast cells/basophils and platelets; premade in intracellular granules

*** key mediator of inflammation

A

histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Histamine:

Promotes _________ of arterioles, _________ vascular permeability of venules, endothelial activation by _______

A

promotes vasodilation
increases vascular permeability
and endothelial activation by H1receptor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Immediate response (first 15 to 30min):

A

Histamine *
Bradykinin **
leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sustained response (4-24 hrs or more):

A

Histamine *
Bradykinin **
leukotrienes
TNF and IL-1 (cytokines with local and systemic effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

mediator involved in pain

A

bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

H1 receptor antagonist

A

Antihistamine drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Histamine effects:

Pruritus,__________, hypotension, flushing, headache, tachycardia, ____________, increase in vascular permeability.

A

vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fluid moves into the extravascular tissue

A

increased vascular permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

with increased vascular permeability, Red blood cells become concentrated resulting in _______ blood viscosity and a ______ of flow

A

increase in blood viscosity and reduction of flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

vascular changes first stars with a brief, transient ________ and the it is followed by arteriolar ________; the main vascular change of acute inflammation

A

vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Clinically manifested as erythema and warmth at site

A

vasodilation vascular change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stack of coins of RBC

A

Rouleau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

low protein content, few cells

A

transudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

high protein content, and may contain some white and red cells

A

exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A fluid that passed through the blood vascular wall as a result of hydrodynamic forces.

A

transudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A fluid that escaped from the blood vasculature, usually as a result of inflammation.

A

exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Specific gravity <1.015

A

transudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Specific gravity > 1.015

A

exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Leukocytes (principally neutrophils) accumulate along the vascular endothelial surface

A

margination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Leukocytes roll along the endothelium and interact via _______

A

selectins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Expression of selectins regulated by the cytokines ________ and _______

A

TNF and IL-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

L-selectin on

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

E selectin on

A

endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

P- selectin on

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

p-selectin and von Willebrand factor released from___________ granules of endothelial cells due to histamine and thrombin

A

Weibel-Palade bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

induce expression of ligands for integrins,

A

TNF-1 and IL-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Mac-1 mediates arrest

A

(the brakes)

50
Q

vascular cell adhesion molecule

A

VCAM-1

51
Q

Leukocytes normally express integrins in a _____ affinity state.

A

low

52
Q

VLA-4 and LFA -1 integrins turn into _________ affinity state during inflammation.

A

high

53
Q

Chemokines bind to endothelial cell

A

proteoglycans

54
Q

Binding to____(platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule) mediates transmigration

A

PECAM-1

55
Q

Piercing the basement membrane(collagenase) and entering the extravascular tissue.

A

Transmigration

56
Q

Movement in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

A

chemotaxis

57
Q

bacterial products

A

Exogenous

58
Q

Chemokines (IL-8)
Complements (C5a)
arachidonic acid metabolite, leukotriene B4 (LTB4)

A

endogenous

59
Q

Most abundant WBC to come to the site of acute injury 4-24 hrs

A

neutrophils

60
Q

Phagocytize opsonized (IgG and C3b) bacteria, then _________

A

phagolysosome

61
Q

Myeloperoxidase

A

reactive oxygen sp.

62
Q

NADPH oxidase enzyme

A

free radicals

63
Q

histamine & serotonin

A

Vasoactive amines

64
Q

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

Lipid products

65
Q

TNF,IL-1,IL-8

A

Cytokines/chemokines

66
Q

Fibrin split products, C3a, C5a.

A

plasma derived

67
Q

Proteins produced by many cell types (leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial, epithelial, connective tissue cells) to mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions

A

cytokines

68
Q

Small proteins that act as chemoattractants for specific types of leukocytes.

A

chemokines

69
Q

IL-8

A

chemokines

70
Q

activator of FXII, chemotaxis, C5 to C5a

A

Kallikrein

71
Q

vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, vasodilation and pain

A

Bradykinin

72
Q

prostaglandins

Bradykinin

A

pain

73
Q

IL-1,

A

fever

74
Q

TNF, IL-1

chemokines

A

Chemotaxis, leukocyte activation

75
Q

Histamine

A

Increased vascular permeability

76
Q

Histamine

Prostaglandins

A

Vasodilation

77
Q

Acute phase reactants::

_____ acts upon hepatocytes, causing increased synthesis of certain serum proteins.

A

IL- 6

78
Q

Leukocytosis:

______ promote increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow.

A

IL-1 & TNFa

79
Q

the best test overall

A

C-reactive protein, CRP

80
Q

the worst test overall

A

ESR

81
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

tissue damage

82
Q

ALT/AST Liver enzymes

A

cellular damage

83
Q

catabolized during inflammation so will be low

A

Albumin

84
Q

fibrin rich exudate accumulating on the surface of the damaged tissue and commonly seen on serosal lining

A

fibrinous

85
Q

blister filled with fluid after a burn injuryor a viral blister; transudate

A

serous

86
Q

for firm adhesion

A

integrins

87
Q

for weak binding during rolling

A

selectins

88
Q

blood flow slows and neutrophils pushed to the periphery of the vessel

A

margination and rolling

89
Q

a normal cell has very low or no expression of selectin?

A

Correct!!!

90
Q

neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cell

A

pavementing

91
Q

firm adhesion is due to _______ and ___________ which bind to integrins on the leukocyte

A

VCAM and ICAM

92
Q

responsible for the binding needed for the leukocyte to pass through the endothelium

A

PECAM-1

93
Q

________ produce collagenase to destroy type IV collagen in order to cross the basement mebrane

A

neutrophils

94
Q

Opsonin carried out by?

A

IgG and C3b

95
Q

produced constitutively by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

96
Q

outcome of acute inflammation [4]

A
  1. healing
  2. abscess
  3. ulcer
  4. fistula
97
Q

acute inflammation where stimulus is removed resulting in connective tissue and scar formation

A

healing

98
Q

produced by the sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

A

ulcer

99
Q

accumulation of pus (dead WBC and tissue debris) that is walled off with fibrosis

A

abscess

100
Q

abnormal patent connection btw two organs

A

fistula

101
Q

best marker for inflammation

A

CRP

102
Q

increase in leokocyte count

A

leukocytosis

103
Q

clinical triad of:

  1. large quantities of cytokines produced
  2. disseminated intravascular coagulation
  3. hypoglycemia and hypotensive shock
A

septic shock

104
Q

left shift

A

IL-1 and TNF mediated leukocytosis

105
Q

collagen type III gets replaced with _____

A

type I

106
Q

basophils in tissues are called

A

mast cells

107
Q

seen in chronic inflammation

A

lyymphocytes

108
Q

monocytes that once in tissues they become

A

macrophages

109
Q

indicator of chronic inflammation or neoplastic process

A

plasma cells

110
Q

nucleus is pushed to side and there is a halo btw the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

plasma cells

111
Q

Starlings Equilibrium

A

Forces promoting outward flow include plasma hydrostatic pressure and tissue osmotic pressure, while forces that promote inward flow include plasma osmotic pressure and tissue hydrostatic pressure.

112
Q

The majority of leukocytes transmigrate via the ______________________ (between endothelial cells).

A

paracellular route

113
Q

Leukocytes that cross the blood brain barrier travel via the

A

trans-cellular route

114
Q

Neutrophil cytoplasmic granules contain ____________, which is involved in the generation of free radicals that kill bacteria.

A

myeloperoxidase

115
Q

Myeloperoxidase produces _______which destroys bacteria by halogenation or oxidation of proteins & lipids.

A

HOCl

116
Q

Lysozyme, Cathepsin G, lactoferrin, defensins, and BPI (bactericidal permeability increasing protein) are all part of the _______________ response of phagocytic cells.

A

oxygen-independent

117
Q

___________ is a radical whose formation is dependent on the presence of oxygen.

A

Superoxide

118
Q

Exudate would be seen later in an inflammatory response __________

A

4-6 hours later.

119
Q

Edema/ fluid accumulation is the earliest response to tissue injury, and the earliest part of the response is _____________ due to increased vascular permeability.

A

transudate-formation

120
Q

__________ is expressed by endothelial cells for the neutrophil chemotaxis and activation within damaged tissues.

A

Il-8

121
Q

Pyrogens from bacteria and cytokines from inflammatory cells can induce ________________ in the hypothalamus to induce raising the body temperature

A

prostaglandins

Patholoy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions