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NURS 220 > Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function > Flashcards

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function Flashcards

1
Q

possible causes of seizures

A

electrolyte disturbances
lesions or tumors
infection
hypoxia
acidosis
acute alcohol withdrawal
idiopathic = cause unknown

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2
Q

petit mal seizure

A

nonmotor
absence seizure

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3
Q

grand mal seizure

A

motor
“tonic-clonic”

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4
Q

simple partial seizure

A

no impairment of consciousness
may experience strange tastes, smells, sensations

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5
Q

complex partial seizure

A

impaired awareness

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6
Q

epileptic VS non-epileptic seizure

A

in an epileptic seizure, the primary problem is in the brain
- trauma
- stroke
- infection
- tumor
- congenital

in a non-epileptic seizure the cause is more systemic
- hypoglycemia
- alcohol withdrawal
- electrolyte imbalance

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7
Q

cognitive changes in dementia

A

memory
personalty changes
behavior
judgement
anxiety and depression
psychosis
inability to complete ADLs

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8
Q

what percent of dementia is caused by Alzheimer’s?

A

50 - 60%

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9
Q

what is the structural change present in Alzheimer’s?

A

abnormally cut and folded proteins in the brain

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10
Q

what percent of dementia cases are vascular?

A

15 - 20%

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11
Q

what causes vascular dementia?

A

multiple infarctions in the brain

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12
Q

how are plaques formed in the brain?

A
  • normal protein found in cell membrane is amyloid precursor protein
  • beta-amyloid is produced by incorrectly cut APP
  • beta amyloid clumps into plaques
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13
Q

bradykinesia

A

slow movement present in Parkinson’s

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14
Q

intention tremor

A

no tremor at rest, tremor appears when performing movement

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15
Q

acquired Parkinson’s

A

rapid onset
caused by infection, drug toxicity, or trauma

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16
Q

idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

A

gradual onset
genetic

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17
Q

what is the structural change in the brain with Parkinson’s?

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra

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18
Q

describe basic neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson’s

A

high Acetylcholine and low Dopamine

19
Q

when do Parkinson’s symptoms appear

A

after 75-80% of dopamine neurons in SN have died

20
Q

possible etiology of cerebral palsy

A

no specific etiology identified in most cases

possible causes:
damage during fetal development or birth
hypoxia or head trauma at birth
prenatal infection

21
Q

spastic cerebral palsy

A

most common
rigidity/hyperreflexia
hemiplegia/paraplegia/quadriplegia

22
Q

hydrocephalus

A

elevated ICP due to obstructed flow of CSF
elevated ventricles push on brain, cause ischemia and necrosis

23
Q

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

A

Second Most Common
Slow, Jerky, Uncoordinated Purposeful Movements

24
Q

Ataxic cerebral palsy

A

rare
gait disturbance

25
Q

neurological complications of cerebral palsy

A

Seizures
Intellectual Impairment
Visual Problems
Hearing Problems

26
Q

normal-pressure hydrocephalus

A

onset late in life

gait instability
urinary incontinence
dementia

27
Q

what other condition is hydrocephalus often associated with?

A

Neural Tube Defects

28
Q

ataxia

A

disturbances in gait and balance

29
Q

what is the hallmark of cerebellar disorders?

A

ataxia - gait and balance disturbances
vertigo
uncoordinated movement

30
Q

risk factors for multiple sclerosis

A

female - 2/3 predominance
associated with northern latitude
possibly environmental triggers

31
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system

32
Q

clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis

A

optic and oculo-motor nerves commonly affected
diplopia and lack of coordination

33
Q

spina bifida

A

failure of the neural tube to close

34
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

no visible anomaly

35
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

protrusion of sac-like structure from the spine

36
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Degeneration of Motor Neurons in the Lateral Columns (cortico-spinal tract) of the Spinal Cord

37
Q

clinical manifestations of ALS

A

Weakness
Atrophy
Cramps
Twitching

Hyper-Reflexia in a weak, atrophic extremity
Muscles of swallowing/breathing affected

38
Q

factors associated with spinal cord injury

A

male gender
more common in summer months

39
Q

spinal shock

A

Transient Loss of Function Below the Level of Injury

Flaccid Paralysis
Loss of Reflexes
Loss of Pain Sensation
Loss of Bowel/Bladder Control

40
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Acute Demyelination of the Peripheral Nervous System

NOT chronic like ALS

41
Q

what triggers Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

A

infectious agents - C. jejuni

42
Q

paralysis pattern of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

ascending - starts at feet
non-traumatic paralysis
can be more problematic if it reaches the diaphragm

43
Q

bell palsy

A

injury or compression of facial nerve
infection with pathogen that affects nerves

NURS 220 (16 decks)

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