chronic adaptations Flashcards
aerobic cardiovascular adaptations
- left ventricle size
-capillary density
aerobic muscular adaptations
- increased mitochondrial density
- inc oxidative enzymes
aerobic respiritry adaptations
- inc alveoli- capillary sa
-inc lung vol
define chronic adaptation
- long term changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training
-adaptations can be structural(physical makeup) or functional
(how it operates) - R SPECIFIC- to type of training and system used, body only adapts to type of training we undertake
what does aerobic adaptations improve/do
- improve efficiency with which the aerobic e.s provides energy to the working muscles and removes waste products
what do adaptations to the aerobic cardiac system aim to improve
- main aim is to inc o2 delivered to working muscles
aerobic structural and functional change (heart)+ performance link
-inc capacity of left ventricle (inc size/vol)
-increase size of chamber and therefore volume of blood that can fit into that chamber
structural change- size of chamber
functional change-
-increased sv at rest, submax and max int
(when sv goes up hr can go down, direct relo)
-decreased hr at rest and submax int (bradychardia)
-inc cardiac output, during max exercise
p-inc efficiency of the system means : at submaxim int athletes will achieve a steady state at a lower HR, trained athletes can run at higher int without exceeding their LIP
aerobic chronic adaptation, bv
structural- inc capillary density= more sites for gas exchange (o2 from blood to muscles)
- capillarization (cross sectional area of capillaries for pulmonary diffusion)
functional-
-inc efficiency of diffusion (exchanging gases at the lung + muscle)
- greater redistribution of bf to working muscles at max int (supply o2 and remove by products)
- at submax
P- greater efficiency in using oxygen= less oxygen required= greater resistance to fatigue
aerobic chronic adaptation blood
Structural adaptations:
Increased blood plasma
Increase in blood volume -
Increase plasma helps with the removal of heat
Increase in red blood cells andhemoglobin
increased oxygen carrying capability
Functional adaptations:
Decrease in blood lactate concentration (increase in LIP)
Greateroxidationand gluconeogenesis (turninglactateback into energy)
Delay fatigue at higher intensities
Oxygen extraction:
Increase in a-vO2 diff (also muscular)
Combination of more effective blood redistribution and the muscles ability to extract more oxygen from the blood (capillarisation)
aerobic chronic adaptation respiratory, goal and adaptation + link
Main aim is to increase oxygen being taken in and used by the body.
Structural adaptations:
Increased lung volumes
Increased alveolar-capillary surface area :increased pulmonary diffusion
Functional adaptations:
-Greater pulmonary diffusion at allintensities
-Increased sited for gas exchange
-Increased O2 delivery and increase in ability to extract O2 from blood
-Lower ventilation at rest and submaximal intensities (Graphic on next slide)
Working muscles require less oxygen
Greater ventilation at maximum intensity (greater O2 in & removal of CO2)
Respiratory muscles require less oxygen therefore more oxygen transported to working muscles
ventillation
rr x tv, how much air is breathed in and out in 1 min
sv
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
tv
how much air is inspired and expired in 1 breath
-finite capacity
rr
number of breaths taken in a min
diffusion
- diffusion of gas always occurs from areas of high pressure to low pressure
in the lungs - o2 concentration is high (high pressure) in the alveoli therefore oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream (capillaries?)
- co2 conc is high in blood (from muscles) (venuoles?) and diffuse into the alveoli
avo2 diff
vo2 max
max amount of oxygen than can taken up transported and utilized
- most relevant measure is aerobic power
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per min
muscular aerobic chronic adaptation goal and adaptations
Main aim is to increase maximaloxygen consumptionat the muscularlevel.
This increases ATP production by the aerobicsystem
Structural and functional:
Mitochondria – increase in size, number and surface area
Increasing the muscles ability toresynthesise ATP aerobically (Aerobic respiration)
Greater mitochondria -increasesthe removal of lactate
(Mitochondria potential, not oxygen supply, is the main limiting factor in theoxidative capacity of untrainedmuscles)
Increase in oxidative enzymes (–>increased aerobic resynthesis)
Increased fat oxidation (rest and submaximal)
Increased glycogen sparing (submaximal)(fats over glycogen)
Increased glycogen oxidation (maximal)
fat oxidisation and glycogen sparring
trained athletes can increase the amount of oxygen supplied to the working muscles , athlete can increase the intensity in which fats are the dominant food fuel, allows them to save their glycogen store for higher intensity efforts e.g a breakaway at the end of a race
anaerobic ca cardio
Cardiovascular
Increase thickness of the left ventricle wall
More forceful contractions –> forceful ejection from heart
Increasing the ability to remove metabolic by-products
anaerobic chronic adap muscular
Increase anaerobic ATP stores (ATP, CP and glycogensubstrates)
Increase rateof anaerobic ATP energy production –> contribute for longer
Increase in glycolytic enzymes
Speeds up the breakdown of glycogen (fuels)
Increase in ATPase
Increase turnover of ATP (breakdown and resynthesis – ATP cycle)
Increase tolerance to metabolic by-products (psychologically)
inc ability to continue working at high intensities
resistance training neural ca
Improved motor unit synchronisation and firing rates
The greater firing rates the quicker a muscle will reach
contracting threshold, and therefore increase the rate of
force production (power) (neural drive)
Greater efficiency in neural recruitment patterns
The more motor units recruited the greater force can be generated
Larger (stronger) motor units are recruited faster – typically fast twitch fibres
Improved motor unit synchronisation and firing rates
The greater firing rates the quicker a muscle will reach
contracting threshold, and therefore increase the rate of
force production (power) (neural drive)
Decrease in neural inhibitory reflexes (Golgi tendon organs)
The brain requires a greater stress in order to stimulate our neural inhibition
This means our muscle will keep contracting under greater loads without giving up,to try and reduce our risk of injury (allow us to over-exert ourself)
hypertrophy
An increase in muscle size – as a result on one of the following:
Increase cross sectional area (number and size of myofibrils)
Fast twitch type B fibres have the greatest increase in response to resistance training
Increased contractile proteins
Greater amounts of actin and myosin microfilaments
Increased size and strength of connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)
Better attachment allows greater force to be transferred through connective tissue
