chronic adaptations

Question 1

aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

Answer 1

• left ventricle size
  -capillary density

Question 2

aerobic muscular adaptations

Answer 2

• increased mitochondrial density
• inc oxidative enzymes

Question 3

aerobic respiritry adaptations

Answer 3

• inc alveoli- capillary sa
  -inc lung vol

Question 4

define chronic adaptation

Answer 4

• long term changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training
  -adaptations can be structural(physical makeup) or functional
  (how it operates)
• R SPECIFIC- to type of training and system used, body only adapts to type of training we undertake

Question 5

what does aerobic adaptations improve/do

Answer 5

• improve efficiency with which the aerobic e.s provides energy to the working muscles and removes waste products

Question 6

what do adaptations to the aerobic cardiac system aim to improve

Answer 6

• main aim is to inc o2 delivered to working muscles

Question 7

aerobic structural and functional change (heart)+ performance link

Answer 7

-inc capacity of left ventricle (inc size/vol)
-increase size of chamber and therefore volume of blood that can fit into that chamber
structural change- size of chamber
functional change-
-increased sv at rest, submax and max int
(when sv goes up hr can go down, direct relo)
-decreased hr at rest and submax int (bradychardia)
-inc cardiac output, during max exercise

p-inc efficiency of the system means : at submaxim int athletes will achieve a steady state at a lower HR, trained athletes can run at higher int without exceeding their LIP

Question 8

aerobic chronic adaptation, bv

Answer 8

structural- inc capillary density= more sites for gas exchange (o2 from blood to muscles)
- capillarization (cross sectional area of capillaries for pulmonary diffusion)

functional-
-inc efficiency of diffusion (exchanging gases at the lung + muscle)
- greater redistribution of bf to working muscles at max int (supply o2 and remove by products)
- at submax
P- greater efficiency in using oxygen= less oxygen required= greater resistance to fatigue

Question 8

aerobic chronic adaptation blood

Answer 8

Structural adaptations:
Increased blood plasma
Increase in blood volume -
Increase plasma helps with the removal of heat

Increase in red blood cells andhemoglobin
increased oxygen carrying capability

Functional adaptations:
Decrease in blood lactate concentration (increase in LIP)
Greateroxidationand gluconeogenesis (turninglactateback into energy)
Delay fatigue at higher intensities

Oxygen extraction:
Increase in a-vO2 diff (also muscular)
Combination of more effective blood redistribution and the muscles ability to extract more oxygen from the blood (capillarisation)

Question 9

aerobic chronic adaptation respiratory, goal and adaptation + link

Answer 9

Main aim is to increase oxygen being taken in and used by the body.

Structural adaptations:
Increased lung volumes
Increased alveolar-capillary surface area :increased pulmonary diffusion

Functional adaptations:
-Greater pulmonary diffusion at allintensities
-Increased sited for gas exchange
-Increased O2 delivery and increase in ability to extract O2 from blood
-Lower ventilation at rest and submaximal intensities (Graphic on next slide)
Working muscles require less oxygen
Greater ventilation at maximum intensity (greater O2 in & removal of CO2)
Respiratory muscles require less oxygen therefore more oxygen transported to working muscles

Question 10

ventillation

Answer 10

rr x tv, how much air is breathed in and out in 1 min

Question 11

sv

Answer 11

amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

Question 12

tv

Answer 12

how much air is inspired and expired in 1 breath
-finite capacity

Question 13

rr

Answer 13

number of breaths taken in a min

Question 14

diffusion

Answer 14

• diffusion of gas always occurs from areas of high pressure to low pressure
  in the lungs
• o2 concentration is high (high pressure) in the alveoli therefore oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream (capillaries?)
• co2 conc is high in blood (from muscles) (venuoles?) and diffuse into the alveoli

Question 15

avo2 diff

Question 16

vo2 max

Answer 16

max amount of oxygen than can taken up transported and utilized
- most relevant measure is aerobic power

Question 17

cardiac output

Answer 17

amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per min

Question 18

muscular aerobic chronic adaptation goal and adaptations

Answer 18

Main aim is to increase maximaloxygen consumptionat the muscularlevel.
This increases ATP production by the aerobicsystem

Structural and functional:
Mitochondria – increase in size, number and surface area
Increasing the muscles ability toresynthesise ATP aerobically (Aerobic respiration)
Greater mitochondria -increasesthe removal of lactate
(Mitochondria potential, not oxygen supply, is the main limiting factor in theoxidative capacity of untrainedmuscles)

Increase in oxidative enzymes (–>increased aerobic resynthesis)
Increased fat oxidation (rest and submaximal)
Increased glycogen sparing (submaximal)(fats over glycogen)
Increased glycogen oxidation (maximal)

Question 19

fat oxidisation and glycogen sparring

Answer 19

trained athletes can increase the amount of oxygen supplied to the working muscles , athlete can increase the intensity in which fats are the dominant food fuel, allows them to save their glycogen store for higher intensity efforts e.g a breakaway at the end of a race

Question 20

anaerobic ca cardio

Answer 20

Cardiovascular
Increase thickness of the left ventricle wall
More forceful contractions –> forceful ejection from heart
Increasing the ability to remove metabolic by-products

Question 21

anaerobic chronic adap muscular

Answer 21

Increase anaerobic ATP stores (ATP, CP and glycogensubstrates)
Increase rateof anaerobic ATP energy production –> contribute for longer

Increase in glycolytic enzymes
Speeds up the breakdown of glycogen (fuels)

Increase in ATPase
Increase turnover of ATP (breakdown and resynthesis – ATP cycle)

Increase tolerance to metabolic by-products (psychologically)

inc ability to continue working at high intensities

Question 22

resistance training neural ca

Answer 22

Improved motor unit synchronisation and firing rates
The greater firing rates the quicker a muscle will reach
contracting threshold, and therefore increase the rate of
force production (power) (neural drive)

Greater efficiency in neural recruitment patterns
The more motor units recruited the greater force can be generated
Larger (stronger) motor units are recruited faster – typically fast twitch fibres

Improved motor unit synchronisation and firing rates
The greater firing rates the quicker a muscle will reach
contracting threshold, and therefore increase the rate of
force production (power) (neural drive)

Decrease in neural inhibitory reflexes (Golgi tendon organs)
The brain requires a greater stress in order to stimulate our neural inhibition
This means our muscle will keep contracting under greater loads without giving up,to try and reduce our risk of injury (allow us to over-exert ourself)

Question 23

hypertrophy

Answer 23

An increase in muscle size – as a result on one of the following:

Increase cross sectional area (number and size of myofibrils)
Fast twitch type B fibres have the greatest increase in response to resistance training

Increased contractile proteins
Greater amounts of actin and myosin microfilaments

Increased size and strength of connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)
Better attachment allows greater force to be transferred through connective tissue

Question 24

benefits of hypertrophy

Answer 24

• increase force of contraction
• increase speed of contraction
• increase muscle tissue to store ATP, Cp and glyc
• increase rate of anaerobic energy production