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Molecular Genetics > Chromosomes And Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Chromosomes And Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a prokaryote? (3 items)

A

Unicellular with no compartmentalized cell structure.
DNA is circular and not highly packed.
Made up of eubacteria and archaebacteria.

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2
Q

How do prokaryotes replicate? (3 items)

A

Simple division: separation of replicated circular chromosome
Single origin of replication
High rate of replication

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3
Q

What is a eukaryote? (3)

A

Both unicellular and multicellular with compartmentalized cell structure.
DNA resides in the nucleus.
DNA is wrapped around histones to form tightly packed chromosomes.

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4
Q

Number of human chromosomes (1)

A

23 pairs = 46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

Chromosome structure (3)

A

Centromere - attachment point for spindle microtubules
Telomeres - tip of a linear chromosome
Origins of replication - where DNA synthesis begins

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6
Q

Chromatid (1)

A

One half of a paired chromosome (can also be called a chromosome)

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7
Q

Interphase (1)

A

Cell growth

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8
Q

Stages of interphase (3)

A

G1, S, G2

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9
Q

G1 (1)

A

Cell growth

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10
Q

G0 (3)

A

Non-dividing phase
Occurs when errors are present
Often leads to apoptosis

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11
Q

G1/S checkpoint (2)

A

DNA error checking point before entering S phase

Cancer blows through this checkpoint

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12
Q

S Phase (1)

A

DNA synthesis phase

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13
Q

G2 (1)

A

Mitosis preparation

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14
Q

G2/M checkpoint (1)

A

Last checkpoint before mitosis

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15
Q

M phase (1)

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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16
Q

Genetic consequences of the cell cycle (3)

A

Produces two cells that are genetically identical to each other
New cells contain a full complement of chromosomes
Each new cell contains approximately half (but not necessarily identical) the cytoplasm and organelle content of the original parental cell

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17
Q

Stages of Mitosis (5)

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
18
Q

Interphase (2)

A

Nuclear membrane is present

Chromosomes are relaxed

19
Q

Prophase (3)

A

Chromosomes condense
Each chromosome possesses two chromatids
Centrosomes and mitotic spindles forms

20
Q

Prometaphase (2)

A

Nuclear membrane disintegrates

Spindle microtubules attach to chromatids

21
Q

Metaphase (1)

A

Chromsomes line up on the metaphase plate

22
Q

Anaphase (1)

A

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles

23
Q

Telophase (3)

A

Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles
Nuclear membrane reforms
Chromosomes relax

24
Q

Cytokinesis (2)

A

Cytoplasm divides

Cell membranes close

25
Q

Cohesin (1)

A

Controls the separation of chromatids in mitosis and meiosis

26
Q

Shugoshin (1)

A

Protects the breakdown of cohesin near the centromere

27
Q

Stages of Prophase I (5)

A 
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
28
Q

Leptotene (1)

A

Chromosomes contract and become visible

29
Q

Zygotene (4)

A

Chromosomes continue to condense
Homologous chromosomes pair up
Homologous chromosomes begin synapsis - a very close pairing association
Each pair of chromosomes has four sister chromatids called a bivalent or tetrad.

30
Q

Pachytene (2)

A

Continued condensation

Formation of synaptonemal complex

31
Q

Crossing over (2)

A

Crossing over of chromosome segments from the sister chromatid of one chromosome to the sister chromatid of the other synapsed chromsome
Can occur in zygotene, pachytene, or diplotene phases, but mostly pachytene

32
Q

Diplotene (2)

A

Centromeres move apart

Chromosome still attached at each chiasma

33
Q

Diakinesis (4)

A

Continued chromosome condensation
Chiasmata move to tips of chromosomes
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Meiotic spindle forms

34
Q

Metaphase I (1)

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

35
Q

Anaphase I (2)

A

separation of homologous chromosome pairs

Random distribution of chromosomes into two newly divided cells

36
Q

Telophase I (3)

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
The cytoplasm divides.
Chromosomes relax.

37
Q

Prophase II (1)

A

Chromsomes recondense

38
Q

Stages of Meiosis (3)

A

Interphase - DNA synthesis and chromosome replication
Meiosis I - separation of homologous pairs and reduction of chromosome number by half
Meiosis II separation of sister chromatids

39
Q

Metaphase II

A

Individual chromosomes line up along equatorial plate.

40
Q

Anaphase II (1)

A

Sister chromatids separate and move toward the opposite poles.

41
Q

Telophase II (2)

A

Chrosomes arrive at spindle poles

Cytoplasm divides

42
Q

Consequences of Meiosis and Genetic Variation (3)

A

Four cells are produced from the original cell
Chromosome number in each new cell is reduced by half - new cells are all haploid.
New cells are genetically different from one another and from the parental cell.

Molecular Genetics (13 decks)

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