Chpter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 0

Assimilation

Answer 0

Piagetian concept of the incorporation of new information into existing schemes

Question 1

Schemes

Answer 1

In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

Question 2

Accommodation

Answer 2

Piagetisn concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences

Question 3

Organization

Answer 3

Piaget’s concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order system, a more smoothly functioning cognitive system

Question 4

Equilibration

Answer 4

A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next

Question 5

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 5

The first stage of Piaget’s stages, lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions

Question 6

Primary circular reactions

Answer 6

A scheme based in the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance

Question 7

Object permanence

Answer 7

Piagetian term for understanding that objects continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

Question 8

A-not-B error

Answer 8

Also called AB error, this occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) as they progress into substage 4 in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Question 9

Core knowledge approach

Answer 9

View that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

Question 10

Attention

Answer 10

The focusing of mental resources on select information

Question 11

Joint attention

Answer 11

Occurs when individuals focus on the same object or event, and an ability to track another’s behavior is present; one individual directs another’s attention, and reciprocal interaction is present

Question 12

Memory

Answer 12

A central feature of cognitive development, involving the retention of information over time

Question 13

Implicit memory

Answer 13

Memory without conscious recollection; involves skils and routine procedures that are automatically performed

Question 14

Explicit memory

Answer 14

Conscious memory of facts and experiences

Question 15

Deferred imitation

Answer 15

Imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days

Question 16

Developmental quotient (dq)

Answer 16

An overall score that combines sub scores in Motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants

Question 17

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Answer 17

Scales developed by Nancy bayley that are widely used in the assessment of infant development. The current version (this and Toddler development third edition bayley-lll), has five components: a cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional, and adaptive scale

Question 18

Language

Answer 18

A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols

Question 19

Infinite generativity

Answer 19

The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

Question 20

Phonology

Answer 20

The sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined

Question 21

Morphology

Answer 21

Units of meaning involved in word formation

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Question 23

Semantics

Answer 23

The meaning of words and sentences

Question 24

Pragmatics

Answer 24

The appropriate use of language in different contexts

Question 25

Telegraphic speech

Answer 25

The use of content words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives

Question 26

Broca’s area

Answer 26

Am ares in the brains left frontal love involved in speech production. With damage-difficulty producing words correctly

Question 27

Wernicke’s area

Answer 27

An area of the brains left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension. With damage-poor comprehension and often produce incomprehensible speech

Question 28

Aphasia

Answer 28

A loss or impaorment of language processing caused by brain damage in Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area

Question 29

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 29

Chomsky’s term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics

Question 30

Child-directed speech

Answer 30

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple works and sentences