Chapter 9: Cognitive Development In Early Childhood

Question 0

Symbolic function stage

Answer 0

Piaget’s first substage of preoperational thought, in which I the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (occurs roughly between 2 and 4 years of age)

Question 1

Operations

Answer 1

Reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically

Question 2

Egocentrism

Answer 2

Piaget’s concept that describes the inability to distinguish between lines own perspective and someone else’s perspective

Question 3

Animism

Answer 3

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities are are capable of action

Question 4

Intuitive thought substage

Answer 4

Piaget’s second substage of preoperational thought, in which cheered begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all forts of question (about 4-7 years old)

Question 5

Centration

Answer 5

The focusing of attention in one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Question 6

Conservation

Answer 6

The concept that an objects or substance’s basic properties stay the same even though it’s appearance has been altered

Question 7

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 7

Vigotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to achieve alone and what they can achieve with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children

Question 8

Scaffolding

Answer 8

In cog dev, vygotsky used this term to describe the changing level of support over the course of a reaching session, with the more-skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child’s current performance level

Question 9

Social constructivist approach

Answer 9

An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the fact that knowledge if mutually built and constructed; vygotsky theory is a social constructivist approach

Question 10

Exclusive attention

Answer 10

Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error deception and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

Question 11

Sustained attention

Answer 11

Focused and extended engagement with an object task, event, or other aspect of the environment

Question 12

Short term memory

Answer 12

The memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal

Question 13

Theory of mind

Answer 13

A concept that refers to awareness of ones own mental procedures and the mental processes of others

Question 14

Child centered-kindergarten

Answer 14

Education that involves the whole child by considering the child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interests, and learning styles

Question 15

Montessori approach

Answer 15

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and specially designed curriculum materials

Question 16

Developmentally appropriate practice

Answer 16

Education the focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age appropriateness) as well as the uniqueness of each child (individual appropriateness). Contrasts with developmentally inappropriate practice, which ignores the concrete, hands on approach to learning. Direct teaching largely through abstract paper and pencil activities presented to large groups of young children is believed to be developmentally inappropriate

Question 17

Project head start

Answer 17

Compensatory education designed to provide children from low income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success